Week 1: Diagnosis in Psychiatry Pt. 1

Question 1

The identification and classification of a medical condition.

Answer 1

Diagnosis

Question 2

Examples of Paradigmatic Diseases

Answer 2

1) Infectious diseases: These are diseases caused by pathogens like bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. Examples: Smallpox, Polio, Measles
2) Genetic disorders: These are diseases caused by inherited genetic mutations. Examples: Cystic fibrosis, Sickle cell anemia, Huntington’s disease

Question 3

Classifying disorders based on a group of symptoms.

Answer 3

Syndromal Approach

Question 4

The classification of diseases, injuries, and disorders.

Answer 4

Nosology

Question 5

The development and progression of a disease.

Biological mechanism underlying the disorder (i.e., infections, cancers)

Answer 5

Pathogenesis

Question 6

Classifying disorders based on their cause.

Answer 6

Etiological Approach

Question 7

The tendency or predisposition to develop a disease.

Answer 7

Susceptibility

Question 8

A disease that serves as a model or example for other diseases.

Answer 8

Paradigmatic Disease

Question 9

Means decided or chosen without any particular reason or rule.

It suggests something is random or based on personal preference rather than logic or objective criteria.

Answer 9

Arbitrary

Question 10

A prediction of the course of a disease.

Answer 10

Prognosis

Question 11

The treatment of diseases.

Answer 11

Therapeutics

Question 12

The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in populations.

Answer 12

Epidemiology

Question 12

What is the purpose of a diagnosis?

Answer 12

1) Predictions: prognosis
2) Treatment: therapeutics
3) Research: an analytic tool for increasing understanding of the causes of disease
4) Epidemiology: distribution of diseases within populations

Question 13

A classification system proposed by Emil Kraepelin that divided mental disorders into two main categories: dementia praecox (schizophrenia) and manic-depressive illness.

Answer 13

Kraepelinian Dichotomy

Question 14

Distinguished between lunacy (you could get better) and idiocy (you would not get better).

Answer 14

14th Century Common Law

Question 14

Identified different mental disorders such as mania, melancholia, and hysteria.

Answer 14

Ancient Greece

Question 14

• Writing on clay tablets
• Accurate descriptions of mental and neurological disorders
• Descriptions only, no systematization

Answer 14

Babylonian c 3500 (History of Psychiatry)

Question 15

What are the two main categories under the Kraepelinian Dichotomy?

Answer 15

1) Dementia praecox (schizophrenia)
2) Manic-depressive illness

Question 16

A mental disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression. It is now more commonly known as bipolar disorder.

Answer 16

Manic-depressive Illness

Question 17

A term coined by Emil Kraepelin to describe a group of mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behavior, and negative symptoms.

Answer 17

Dementia Praecox (schizophrenia)

Question 18

A state of excessive excitement, energy, enthusiasm, and a decreased need for sleep.

Answer 18

Mania

Question 19

A state of sadness, despair, and hopelessness.

Answer 19

Melancholia

Question 20

A term used to describe a variety of symptoms, often affecting women, including fainting, paralysis, and convulsions.

Answer 20

Hysteria

Question 20

A term used to describe a condition that was believed to be caused by the moon. It was often associated with periods of madness or irrational behavior.

Answer 20

Lunacy

Question 21

The cause or origin of a disease.

Answer 21

Aetiology

Question 21

A term used to describe a condition that was believed to be congenital or incurable. It was often associated with intellectual disability.

Answer 21

Idiocy

Question 22

Mental disorders caused by physical damage to the brain. Examples: General paralysis of the insane, Alzheimer's Disease, Korsakoff's Psychosis

Answer 22

Organic Mental Disorder

Question 23

A term used to describe a condition characterized by antisocial behavior and lack of moral conscience. It was introduced to describe personality disorders or socially abnormal behavior without insanity or mental deficiency.

Answer 23

Moral Insanity (Psychopathy)

Question 24

A progressive neurological disorder caused by syphilis, characterized by dementia, delusions, and physical symptoms such as tremors and slurred speech.

Answer 24

General Paralysis of the Insane

Question 25

Deterioration of cognitive function, including memory, thinking, and judgment.

Answer 25

Dementia

Question 26

False beliefs, such as believing you are being monitored by the government.

Answer 26

Delusions

Question 27

Perceiving things that are not real, such as hearing voices.

Answer 27

Hallucinations

Question 28

Speaking in a way that is difficult to understand, such as jumping from one topic to another.

Answer 28

Disorganized Speech

Question 29

Acting in a way that is inappropriate or unusual, such as hoarding objects or taking off one's clothes in public.

Answer 29

Disorganized Behavior

Question 30

A lack of motivation, pleasure, or emotion.

Answer 30

Negative Symptoms

Question 31

A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, cognitive decline, and changes in behavior. It is the most common cause of dementia and remains a major public health challenge.

Answer 31

Alzheimer's Disease

Question 32

Problems with thinking, reasoning, and problem-solving.

Answer 32

Cognitive Decline

Question 32

Difficulty remembering recent events or information.

Answer 32

Memory Loss

Question 33

A neurological disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, often associated with chronic alcoholism. It is characterized by memory loss, confabulation (making up false memories), and other cognitive impairments.

Answer 33

Korsakoff's Psychosis

Question 34

Making up false memories to fill in gaps in memory.

Answer 34

Confabulation

Question 35

Severe mental disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Examples include schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

Answer 35

Psychoses

Question 35

A personality disorder characterized by a lack of empathy, remorse, and conscience. They may engage in manipulative, impulsive, and aggressive behavior.

Answer 35

Psychopathy

Question 36

Less severe mental disorders characterized by anxiety, depression, and other symptoms. Examples include anxiety disorders and phobias.

Answer 36

Neuroses

Question 37

Definitions that specify observable behaviors or operations that define a concept.

Answer 37

Operational Definition

Question 38

A mood disorder, such as depression or bipolar disorder.

Answer 38

Affective Disorder

Question 39

Structured interviews that use specific questions and procedures to assess psychiatric symptoms.

Answer 39

Structured Interviewing Techniques

Question 39

Focuses on understanding mental disorders from the patient's perspective (first-person perspective) by exploring their subjective experiences, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Answer 39

Phenomenological Approach

Question 40

Operational definitions provide concrete and measurable ways to study variables, while theoretical concepts represent abstract ideas that may be more difficult to define and measure directly.

Answer 40

Operational Definition VS Theoretical Concepts

Question 41

refers to a system used in earlier versions of the DSM (DSM-III and DSM-IV) to assess various aspects of an individual's functioning. It involved rating the individual on five axes.

Answer 41

Multiaxial Diagnostic Assessment System

Question 42

Introduced important innovations: - Explicit diagnostic criteria - Multiaxial diagnostic assessment system (diagnosis, personality, social) - Neutral with respect to the causes of mental disorders

Answer 42

DSM-III

Answer 43

DSM-IV

Question 44

Focuses on observable symptoms and behaviors. Aims to provide a detailed and objective description of a disorder. Less concerned with underlying causes or theoretical explanations.

Answer 44

Descriptive Approach

Question 45

Was based on a comprehensive review of the literature to ensure an empirical foundation. Worked closely with ICD-10 to minimize differences between the two systems.

Answer 45

DSM-IV

Question 45

A more modern approach that incorporates elements of Kraepelin's classification system, such as a focus on observable symptoms and behaviors, but also includes advancements in diagnostic criteria and methodology.

Answer 45

Neo-Kraepelian

Question 45

Biological markers that can be used to diagnose or monitor a disease.

Answer 45

Biomarkers

Question 46

Variations in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

Answer 46

Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP)

Question 47

initially had grand ambitions (biomarkers, functional imaging, genomic research)

Answer 47

DSM-V