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Clinical Medicine - OT > Week 1 - Drug therapy and Medication > Flashcards

Week 1 - Drug therapy and Medication Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What settings do pharmacists work in?

A
  1. Hospital
  2. Community pharmacy
  3. Public health
  4. Pharmaceutical advisors
  5. Industry pharmacy
  6. Government
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2
Q

True or false: Medication is the most common type of intervention?

A

True

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3
Q

What are medicines?

A

Any substance or combination of substances which may be administered to human beings or animals with a view to making a medical diagnosis or to restoring, correcting, or modifying physiological functions in human beings or animals.

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4
Q

What are the ways medication can be taken?

A
  1. Taken orally
  2. Administered by injection
  3. Inhalation
  4. Suppository
  5. topical application
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5
Q

What are the 3 ways injected medicine can be administered?

A
  1. Subcutaneously
  2. Intramuscularly
  3. Intravenously
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6
Q

What are the 3 ways medicines are categorised?

A
  1. Schedule system
  2. Legal requirements
  3. Categories
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7
Q

What are some categories of medication?

A 
Antibiotics
analgesics
antifungal
antiviral
antihypertensives
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8
Q

How can patients obtain medication?

A
  • Private prescriptions
  • PBS funded medication
  • non-registered medications eg. special access schemes or medical trials
  • illicit drugs
  • family and friends
  • over the counter
  • complementary medicine
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9
Q

How are medications controlled in Australia?

A

Federal, state and hospital controls

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10
Q

What are the 2 federal controls of medication?

A

Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)

National drugs and poisons schedule committee

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11
Q

True or false: S1 in the national drug and poisons schedule committee is intentionally left blank?

A

True

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12
Q

Panadol belongs to which schedule?

A

S2 - pharmacy medicines

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13
Q

True or false: S3 is prescription only medicines?

A

False, S3 is pharmacy only medicines eg ventolin

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14
Q

What category is S4?

A

Prescription only medication

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15
Q

What category is Poisons?

A

S6

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16
Q

True or false: Opioid drugs are S8?

A

True

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17
Q

What category is S7?

A

Dangerous poisons

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18
Q

What category are illicit drugs?

A

S9

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19
Q

What are the 2 state controls of medication in Victoria?

A
  • Drug, poisons and controlled substances act 1981

- Drug, poisons and controlled substances regulations 2017

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20
Q

What 3 considerations need to be made when deciding on route of administration?

A
  • Type of medication
  • Metabolism of medication
  • Systemic or local effects
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21
Q

What is the buccal route?

A

Buccal administration involves placing a drug between the gums and upper lip/cheek where it dissolves and is absorbed into your blood.

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22
Q

What is sublingual?

A

Medication taken under the tongue

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23
Q

What are the 3 advantages of the buccal route?

A
  1. quick onset of action
  2. avoid first pass
  3. can be used in reduced consciousness
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24
Q

What are some issues of the buccal route?

A
  • patient not understanding not to swallow

- storage and expiry of sprays

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25
What are the 3 advantages of oral route medication?
1. Simple 2. self administered 3. Safe
26
What are 4 disadvantages of oral route medication?
1. Slow onset 2. Metabolism 3. variable absorption 4. Swallowing difficulties eg, nil by mouth
27
What are 4 dosage forms of oral route medication?
1. Tablets 2. Capsules 3. Effervescent/Dispersible 4. Liquid
28
What are the advantages of the inhalation route?
- target dose to reduce side affects | - rapid absorption in anaesthetics
29
What are 4 methods of inhalation route administration?
1. Metred dose inhalers (puffers) 2. Aerosol inhalers 3. Dry powder 4. Nebulisers
30
What are the 3 types of puffer for Asthma and COPD?
1. Preventors 2. Relievers 3. Combination
31
What is first pass metabolism?
When the concentration of a drug, specifically when administered orally, is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation, usually through the liver or gut wall.
32
What does a preventor puffer do?
It is long acting and aims to modify disease
33
What does a reliever puffer do?
It is a short acting, fast onset puffer aimed to relieve symptoms eg. shortness of breath.
34
What is a combination puffer?
A long acting bronchodilator which relaxes the muscles in the lungs while also widening the airways.
35
How are inhalation medications administered?
Through the nose or mouth
36
True or false: Inhalation route medications can only be used for local effects?
False, they can be used for local and systemic effects.
37
How are rectal route medications administered?
as liquids (enemas) or solid/semi solid (suppositories).
38
True or false: Rectal route medications can be used for local and systematic effects?
True
39
What affects bioavailability of rectal route medication?
The location of medication and primarily systemic absorption.
40
What are 2 advantages of rectal route?
1. can be used if medications cannot be taken orally | 2. local actions
41
What are 3 disadvantages of rectal route?
1. Variable absorption 2. Patient acceptance 3. Less convenient
42
What is the Parenteral Route?
Drugs given by injection
43
What are the 3 main methods of parenteral route medications?
Intramuscular (IM) Subcutaneous (SC) Intravenous (IV)
44
What is the disadvantage of SC medication?
Small dose and less predictable absorption
45
What is the disadvantage of IM medication?
Small volume and slower onset than IV
46
What is the advantage of IV?
Fast onset and strict control of concentration in circulation.
47
What is the topical route?
Medication is administered on skin
48
What are 3 types of topical route?
Creams, liquids and patches
49
What types of topical route medications are used for local effects?
Creams and liquids
50
What topical route medications are used for systemic effects?
Patches
51
What are the 3 advantage of patches?
1. Avoid first pass metabolism 2. Continuous medication release 3. can be long acting
52
What are the 2 disadvantages of patches?
1. Local skin reactions | 2. not all medication can be used this way
53
What are risk factors of medications?
1. Using 5 or more medication 2. using 12 or more doses per day 3. significant changes in regime 4. Drugs with narrow therapeutic index or that require monitoring 5. Problems with language, literacy, cognition or physical ability 6. Multiple prescribers or pharmacists 7. Recent discharge from facility or hospital
54
Why are elderly patients at greater risk of problems with medication?
1. Physical changes of metabolism, vision and dexterity. 2. Increasing medications 3. Increasing comorbidities.
55
What are type A adverse drug reactions?
Effects due to the pharmacological actions of the drug. This can include: - Excessive effects of intended actions - Anticoagulants and increased bleeding - Unwanted side effects – eg. Opioids and constipation - Withdrawal effects
56
What are type B adverse drug reactions?
Unexpected effects. These include: - May be immune medicated – allergy - May have genetic component
57
What are factors affecting adverse drug reactions?
- multiple medication therapy - age - multiple disease states - types of medication prescribed - dosage - route of administration - race and genetic factors - patient compliance
58
What are side effects of analgesia?
Sedation, dependence, withdrawals, falls
59
What are side effects of Sedatives?
Falls, dependence, cognitive impacts
60
What are side effects of antihypertensives?
Low blood pressure
61
What are the 5 unintentional factors contributing to compliance?
1. Understanding 2. Medication management 3. Disease related factors 4. Physical limitations 5. Drug related factors
62
What intentional factors contribute to compliance?
Social and psychological factors
63
What does OD mean?
Once daily
64
What does BD mean?
Twice daily
65
What does TDS mean?
3 times a day
66
What does QID mean?
4 times a day
67
what does Q8H mean?
eight hourly
68
What does Q4H mean?
4 hourly
69
What does PRN mean?
As needed
70
What does STAT mean?
Immediately

Clinical Medicine - OT (35 decks)

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