week 1 - functional groups

Question 1

what do chemical properties depend on?

Answer 1

the presence of specific structural features (functional groups)

Question 2

what is a functional group?

Answer 2

a specific formation of atoms that has a characteristic chemical behavior in every molecule where it occurs

Question 3

functional groups fall under 3 different categories; what are they?

Answer 3

1. functional groups with carbon-carbon multiple bonds (double/triple)
2. functional groups with carbon bonded to a highly electronegative atom
3. functional groups with a carbon-oxygen double bond (carbonyl groups)

Question 4

what are the classes of compounds falling under the category of carbon-carbon multiple bonds?

Answer 4

• alkenes: carbon-carbon double bond
• alkynes: carbon-carbon triple bond
• arenes: aromatic alkenes

Question 5

what are the examples of functional groups with carbon bonded to a highly electronegative atom?

Answer 5

• alkyl halides
• alcohols
• ethers
• phosphates
• amines
• thiols
• sulfides
• disulfides

Question 6

what are the examples of functional groups with a carbon-oxygen double bonds?

Answer 6

• aldehyde
• ketone
• carboxylic acid
• ester
• amide

Question 7

what are alkyl halides?

Answer 7

• an alkyl group (alkane with one less hydrogen) that contains a halogen
• ex: F, Cl, Br, I

Question 8

what is an alcohol?

Answer 8

carbon - single bond - hydroxyl group (-OH)

Question 9

what is an ether?

Answer 9

an oxygen atom single-bonded to two carbon atoms

C - O - C

Question 10

what is a phosphate?

Answer 10

a phosphorus atom bonded to 4 oxygen atoms (one bonded to carbon)

Question 11

what is a thiol?

Answer 11

• a compound containing the structure R−SH, in which an alkyl group (R) is attached to a sulfhydryl group (SH)
• similar to an alcohol but with sulfur rather than oxygen

Question 12

what are sulfides and disulfides?

Question 13

what is an amine group?

Answer 13

a functional group with a nitrogen atom having a lone pair

Question 14

what are the amine functional groups for primary, secondary, and tertiary amines?

Answer 14

• primary: R-N-H2 (1˚ amine)
• secondary: R-R-N-H (2˚ amine)
• tertiary: R-R-R-N (3˚ amine)

Question 15

what is an aldehyde?

Question 16

what is a ketone?

Question 17

what is a carboxylic acid group?

Question 18

what is an ester?

Question 19

what is an amide group?

Answer 19

• an amine group with a carbonyl group (C=O)

Question 20

what are the sulfur containing groups?

Answer 20

• thiols: R - SH
• sulfides: R - S - R
• disulfides: R - S - S - R

Question 21

what is BME (beta-mercaptoethanol)? what is its use?

Answer 21

it is an alkanethiol used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds

Question 22

what is the difference between ether and ester functional groups?

Answer 22

ester has a carbonyl group (C=O) attached to C-O-C, while ether only has C-O-C

Question 23

what type of molecules are fully saturated?

Answer 23

alkanes

Question 24

what is the general formula for alkanes?

Answer 24

CnH2n+2

Question 25

what is the naming process for an alkane?

Answer 25

prefix + ane ex: methane, ethane, etc

Question 26

what are the different ways to present an alkane structure?

Answer 26

(1) molecular formula: C2H6 (2) displayed formula (Lewis or Kekulé) (3) structural formula (condensed): CH3CH2CH3 (4) skeletal formula

Question 27

what is the difference between displayed (kekule) and structural formulas?

Answer 27

displayed shows bonds but structural doesn't

Question 28

what is the naming process for an alkane with branches?

Answer 28

- step 1: find the longest continuous carbon chain in the molecule = core of the naming - step 2: number the Cs on the longest chain - step 3: the branches should be on the lowest possible number

Question 29

branched alkanes are made of alkyl groups, what are they?

Answer 29

alkyl groups are alkanes missing a hydrogen

Question 30

what are the alkyl groups of one, two, three, and four carbons?

Answer 30

1 carbon: methyl group (CH3--) 2 carbons: ethyl group (CH3-CH2--) 3 carbons: - propyl (or n-propyl) group: (CH3-CH2-CH2--) (straight chain) - isopropyl group: (CH3-CH^CH3--)

Question 31

what are the alkyl groups of four carbons (butane)?

Answer 31

butyl (or n-butyl) group: - straight chain - (CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2--) isobutyl group: - where a C is bonded to 3 other Cs - (different from tert-butyl as the 3 Cs do not necessarily need to be methyl groups) sec-butyl: - bonded to a C that is bonded to another 2 Cs tert-butyl: - bonded to a C that is bonded to another 3 Cs