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BIOC 3300 > Week 1 => Intro/Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis > Flashcards

Week 1 => Intro/Glycolysis/Gluconeogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical Processes in a living organisms that are necessary to maintain life

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2
Q

Catabolism

A

Degradation of cell constituents to release energy and/or to salvage components (Oxidative process overall)

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3
Q

Anabolism transforms _____ into ___

A

Precursors molecules (aa, sugars, fa, nitrogen bases) to Cellular macromolecules (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids)

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

biosynthesis of biomolecules from simpler components (reductive process overall)

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5
Q

Catabolism transforms ___ into ___

A

Energy-containig nutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids) into Energy-depleted end products (Co2, H2O, NH3)

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6
Q

Energy storage (what?)

A

Macromolecules as a glycogen (Carbohydrates), triglycerides (fat) and proteins => large energy release

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7
Q

Energy transport (also involved in regulation)

A

Within the cell of between cells. Mostly monomers such as glucose, fatty acids or amino acids => intermediate energy release

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8
Q

Energy release

A

Through breakdown of macromolecules = catabolism

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9
Q

Energy storage (how?)

A

Through synthesis of macromolecules = anabolism

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10
Q

Breakdown couple to ATP synthesis

A

pyruvate, acetyl-CoA => small energy release

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11
Q

Thermodynamics

A

Properties of a system, stability of a system in one state vs another

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12
Q

Kinetics

A

Rate of processes, metabolic flux, enzyme catalysis

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13
Q

Conservation of Energy

A

Total energy in a closed system is constant. In an open system, the internal energy equal the system energy plus incoming minus outgoing energy.

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14
Q

Entropy (theory)

A

The overall entropy of the universe cannot decrease. In an open system, entropy cannot decrease without energy expenditure. DISORDER

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15
Q

Metabolically, how would organisms and cells be thermodynamically defined?

A

An open system

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16
Q

What is the goal an open system?

A

Maintain homeostasis ( energy level and metabolic composition are kept constant over time)

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17
Q

Autotrophs

A

self-feeding (synthesize all cell component from simple molecules)

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18
Q

Chemoautotrophs

A

Derive energy from inorganic oxidation

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19
Q

Photoautrophs

A

Derive energy from light

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20
Q

Herterotrpohs

A

feeding on others (need autotrophs for organic molecules)

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21
Q

Enthalpy (energy)(H) favored reaction

A

reaction of favored if delta H is negative

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22
Q

Entropy (disorder)(S) favored reaction

A

reaction is favored of of delta S is positive

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23
Q

What causes Gibb’s free energy to lower

A
  • Enthalpy decreases
  • Entropy increases (disorder increase)
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24
Q

Negative G

A

Products more stable than reactants: Favorable reaction

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25
Positive G
Reactants more stable than products: unfavorable reaction
26
How do catalysts influence G?
They DO NOT influence, only lower activation energy required (increases rate of reaction)
27
Energy requiring (endergonic)
unfavorable, not spontaneous (G+), increase ATP fuel
28
Energy releasing (exergonic)
Favorable, thermodynamically spontaneous (G-), energy release used to make ATP
29
Substrate level phosphorylation
Formation of ATP from ADP and a high-energy phosphorylated intermediate
30
Catabolism without redox
Fermentation, less ATP
31
Connect metabolic pathways to ATP production
NAD+/NADH and FAD/FADH2
32
What determines the amount of energy releases in a catabolic, oxidative pathway?
the oxidative states of substrate and product
33
Do Fatty acids or carbohydrates catabolism produce more energy?
Catabolism of Fatty acid
34
Redoxactive cofactors
Pairs of molecules that are interconverted through oxidation/reductions. Always have an oxidized and a reduced form. Connect catabolism, anabolism, and energy
35
List the four main Redoxactive cofactors
NAD+/NADH, NADP+/NADPH, FAD/FADH2, and ubiquinone
36
NAD+/NADH
Reduced during glycolysis and other catabolic reactions. Oxidized mostly in electron transport chain
37
NADP+/NADPH
Oxidized during fatty acid synthesis and other anabolic reactions. Reduced in metabolic reactions
38
FAD/FADH2
Cofactor that is directly complexed to an enzyme
39
Ubiquinone (=coenzyme Q)
Accepts two electrons in a stepwise manner to become ubiquinol. Part of the electron transport chain
40
Metabolic pathways are interconnected in a ___
Dynamic network
41
How many reactions are required for the conversion of glucose to pyruvate?
10 Reactions
42
which intermediate can lead to many different pathways?
Glucose-6-phosphate
43
Committed step
If the first irreversible reaction in a metabolic pathway, whose produce cannot enter other pathways and must complete the remainder of the pathways steps
44
Glycolysis main reactant and product?
Glucose to 2 pyruvate
45
Glycolysis ATP yield
2 ATP are invested in the first part of the pathway, 4 ATP are made in the second part of the pathway
46
What happens to election carriers during glycolysis?
They are reduced
47
where can glycolysis occur?
Every cell
48
What source of ATP does not require oxygen and is the only cytosolic source for ATP?
Glycolysis
49
Glycolysis phase 1
Energy investment phase: phosphrylation of glucose and conversion to 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. 2 ATP are used in these reactions
50
Glycolysis phase 2
ATP production phase: Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to pyruvate and coupled formation of 4 ATP. Reduction of 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH
51
What must be regenerated, otherwise glycolysis stops?
NAD+
52
What are the three ways to regenerate NAD+?
1) reduction of pyruvate to lactate (Anerobic) 2) reduction of pyruvate to ethanol (yeast) 3) mitochondrial electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation
53
Why is hemostasis maintained by regulating the flux through the pathways?
*Energy use/production according to needs *Relatively constant metabolite levels * Balance supply and demand
54
Steady state
condition when metabolite levels are constant over time. Thermodynamically determined (energetically lowest state under the conditions). The system strives to return to a steady state
55
Flux
Overall rate of pathway
56
Homeostasis
Regulate flux to keep metabolite levels constant
57
Metabolic pathways must be...
* directional * never have forward and reverse pathway active at the same time * be regulated
58
Substrate/product availability
* changes in substrate or product concentrations * Affects the flux through reactions close to equilibrium (reversible) * immediate effects
59
Regulation of enzyme activity
* Only useful for enzymes catalyzing reactions with a large delta G (irreversible) * Different mechanisms for enzyme regulation
60
What allows forward and reverse enzymes to avoid futile cycles?
The enzymes are reciprocally regulated
61
What type of reaction are the majority of steps in metabolic pathways?
Reversible
62
Le Chatelier's principle
When a system at equilibrium is distributed is reacts to minimize the disturbance
63
What are the 7 reversible steps in Glycolysis?
* phosphoglucose isomerase * aldolase * Triose phosphate isomerase * glyceralhedyde-3-phosphatedehydrogenase * phosphoglycerate kinase * phosphoglycerate mutase * enolase
64
What are the 3 irreversible steps in glycolysis?
* Hexokinase * phosphofructokinase * pyruvate kinase
65
What are the 3 enzyme activity mechanisms?
a) allosteric control (immediate) b) covalent modification (minutes) c) synthesis or deration (hours/days)
66
Allosteric control types of inhibition
* product inhibition * feedforward activation * feedback inhibition
67
Why are covalent modification often part f the intracellular signaling net work?
It allows the cell to respond to environmental cues
68
Feedback inhibition
Final products of the entire pathway regulating an irreversible enzyme earlier on in the pathway (typically the committed step)
69
Aerobic re-oxidation of NAD+?
Oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Mitochondrial conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA and oxidation in TCA cycle
70
Anaerobic re-oxidation of NAD+?
Cytosolic regeneration of NAD+
71
What process occurs in the absence of dietary carbohydrates, to produce glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors?
Gluconeogenesis
72
Where does gluconeogenesis primarily occur?
Liver, some in kidney
73
Substrates for gluconeogenesis:
pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, most amino acids, all citric acid cycle intermediates. NOT fatty acids!
74
What is the same between glyconegenesis and glycolysis?
Reversible reactions (near equilibrium)
75
What glycolytic enzymes are not used for gluconeogenesis?
* Hexokinase * phosphofructokinase * pyruvate kinase
76
Unique gluconeogenesis enzymes
*Glucose phosphatase * fructobisphosphatase * phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) * Pyruvate carboxylase
77
Pyruvate carboxylase
* Carboxylates pyruvate to oxalacetate * Requires ATP * Biotin cofactor (Vitamin B7) * Mitochondrial enzyme
78
PEPCK
* Decarboxylates and phosphorylates oxaloacetate to PEP * Requires GTP * Cytosolic enzme
79
Substrates for gluconeogenesis?
Any metabolite that can be converted to pyruvate or oxaloacetate or another glycolytic intermediate (lactate, glucogenic amino acids, glycerol, acetyl-CoA)
80
GLUT transporter
Facilitated diffusion of glucose (intracellular/extracellular), not glucose-6-phosphate
81
Hexokinase isoforms accostiated with mitochondira?
I and II
82
Hexokinase isoforms inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?
I, II, and III
83
Hexokinase isoforms not inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate?
IV (glucokinase)
84
What are glycolysis intermediates used for?
Synthesis of amino acids and lipids
85
What type of kinetics does PFK-1 show regarding it substrate Fructose-6-phosphate and what does it indicate?
Sigmoidal kinetics and allosteric binding of F-6-P
86
ATP and glycolysis regulation
Sufficient energy, no need for glycolysis
87
AMP and glycolysis regulation
Low energy, needs glycolysis. Even little AMP can overcome the inhibition by ATP
88
What is the most potent activator of phosphofrcutokinase-1
Fructose-2,6-biphosphate (NOT the glycolytic enzyme!!!!)
89
What prevents glycolysis and gluconeogenesis futile cycle?
Frcutose-2,6-BP
90
Which enzyme is bifuncional?
Phosphofructokinase 2
91
What does Frucotse-2,6-biphsophate (F2,6P) activate and inhibit?
Allosteric activation of PFK and allosteric inhibitor of FBPase

BIOC 3300 (11 decks)

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