Week 1: Introduction and consequences Flashcards
Wat zijn eigenschappen van institutional rearing die structural neglect kunnen veroorzaken?
–regimented nature
–high child-to-caregiver ratio
–multiple shifts
–frequent change of caregiver
mental health definition
a state of well-being in which an individual realizes his or her own
abilities, can cope with the normal stressors of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community
ACEs, adverse childhood experiences
traumatizing early life events that include exposure to abuse,
neglect and household dysfunction such as having an important member of the household in prison, and/or living in a household in
which an adult is experiencing alcohol and drug use problems
positive childhood experiences (PCEs)
PCEs include open family communication styles, having the ability to live and play in a
safe, stable and protective environment, having constructive opportunities for social engagement, and receiving mentorship from
adults
Wat wat het doel van het paper van Hinojosa en Hinojosa (2024) over PCE en ACE en mental health outcomes?1
The purpose of this paper is to use the nationally representative data available in
the National Survey of Children’s Health to identify the PCEs that moderate the relationship between ACE exposure and poor mental
health outcomes in a national sample of children living in the United States.
Wat laten de resultaten duidelijk zien van Hinojosa en Hinojosa (2024), wat is de take home message?
The take home message here is that at lower levels of ACEs, positive experiences
provide a protective effect on the odds of reporting a mental health condition. But at higher levels of ACEs, the protective
effect is diminished.
Welke groepen kinderen hebben een grotere kans op een diagnosed mental health probleem volgens Hinojosa en Hinojosa (2024)?
white children, boys, older children, and children with special health care
needs had a higher odds of reporting a diagnosed mental health condition
Wat is het belangrijkste om te onthouden van de Ted Talk van ‘How a child can thrive by 5’?
-Serve and return
-Early and often
-First 5 years
Waar ging het onderzoek van Clemens et al. (2018) van child maltreatment subtypes en long-term physical health over?
The objective of this analysis was to assess the association of different subtypes
and the intensity of child maltreatment with long-term physical health outcomes
Wat waren de resultaten van het onderzoek van Clemens et al. (2018) van child maltreatment subtypes en long-term physical health?
-alle onderzochte health conditions hadden een kans op vaker voorkomen als de persoon child mistreatment had meegemaakt
-emotional and physical abuse and neglect zijn significant geassocieerd met alle onderzochte health conditions
-sexual abuse is significant geassocieerd met obesity, diabetes, cancer, COPD and stroke
Wat verandert er met de health outcomes als iemand verschillende vormen van child maltreatment heeft meegemaakt volgens Clemens et al. (2018)?
Je hebt dan een significant verhoogde kans op alle health outcomes
Wat zijn de pathways die kunnen bijdragen aan de link tussen child maltreatment and negative health outcomes?
-dysregulation of the (HPA) axis, a major stress response in the human
body, is discussed. Long-term alterations in the reg-
ulation of the HPA axis and its final product, cortisol,
are a known consequence of the enormous stress
caused by maltreatment during childhood, and are linked to health
outcomes such as cancer and cardiovascular and
metabolic diseases
-chronic inflammatory processes,
encompassing increased levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress, are a demonstrated
long-term consequence of child maltreatment and are known to play a role in the pathomechanisms of cancer cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes and other metabolic diseases
-The discussed pathways comprise altered health behaviour, encompassing a higher risk for
substance abuse and risky sexual behaviour and higher rates of smoking as well as strikingly
increased rates of mental health problems and suicide
attempts
Wat is het doel van het artikel van Strathearn at al. (2020) over long-term effecten van child maltreatment?
Our purpose for this special article
is to compare the effects of 4
differing types of maltreatment on
long-term cognitive,
psychological, addiction, and
health outcomes assessed in the
offspring at∼14 and/or 21 years
of age. Rather than providing
a systematic review or meta-
analysis of the current
literature, which would include
diverse study designs and
purposes, we report and compare the
ndings of individual articles that
used a common data set and
standard methodology to study
a broad array of outcomes. We
particularly highlight the long-term
impact of emotional abuse and
neglect, which has received far
less attention in the literature.
Wat zijn de cognitieve en educational uitkomsten van child maltreatment? (Strathearn et al. )
-Abuse (a combined category) and
neglect were both associated with
signi cantly lower cognitive scores at
both 14 and 21 years, as well as with
negative long-term educational and
employment outcomes in young
adulthood.
-Sexual abuse
was associated with attention
problems in adolescence, whereas
nonsexual maltreatment was
associated with attention problems at
both time points.
-In terms of educational
outcomes in young adulthood, both
abuse and neglect manifested
a threefold to fourfold increase in
odds of failing to complete high
school and a twofold to threefold
increase in the likelihood of being
unemployed at age 21 years
Wat zijn de physiological and mental health outcomes van child maltreatment? (Strathearn at al., 2020)?
-During adolescence, physical abuse,
emotional abuse, and neglect were all
signi cantly associated with both
internalizing and externalizing
behavior problems, although this was
not the case for physical abuse
-Psychological maltreatment in
childhood was associated with all of
the other 15 psychological and
mental health outcomes in young
adulthood, except for delinquency in
women.
-Emotional abuse and
neglect were the only maltreatment
subtypes associated with a signi cant
decrease in quality-of-life scores.
-The only mental health outcomes
associated with sexual abuse were
clinical depression, lifetime PTSD, and
experiencing physical IPV
-Physical abuse was associated with
externalizing behavior problems and
delinquency (in men), internalizing
behavior problems and depressive
symptoms, experience of IPV, and
PTSD
Wat zijn de uitkomsten van alcohol en drug abuse van child maltreatment (Strathearn at al., 2020)?
-Overall, emotional abuse and/or
neglect were associated with all
categories of substance use and
addiction at both 14 and 21 years,
whereas physical and sexual abuse
were associated with surprisingly few
substance abuse outcomes.
-At 21 years,
emotional abuse and neglect were
both associated with the early onset
of cannabis abuse
-physical abuse, emotional
abuse, and neglect all revealed
increased odds of cannabis
dependence at age 21, with early onset
associated with physical abuse and
neglect.
-only emotional
abuse signi cantly predicted injecting-
drug use in young adult men
-Sexual abuse was not
associated with any addiction or
substance use outcome except for
cigarette use at 21 years
Wat zijn de sexual health outcomes van child maltreatment (Strathearn et al, 2020)?
-All forms of maltreatment were
signi cantly associated, at 21 years,
with early onset of sexual activity and
subsequent youth pregnancy.
-Neglect was the only type of
maltreatment associated with having
multiple sexual partners and was the
maltreatment type most strongly
associated with most other sexual
health outcomes, especially youth
pregnancy.
Wat zijn de physical health outcomes van child maltreatment? (Stratheatn at al., 2020)
-Reduced adult height at 21 years,
adjusted for parental height, was
associated with all maltreatment
subtypes except sexual abuse
-At
21 years, physical abuse was also
associated with high dietary fat intake, a risk factor for obesity
(adjusted for BMI), and poor sleep
quality in men
-Asthma at 21 years revealed a modest
association with emotional abuse. —–The
combined category of any
maltreatment was also associated
with high dietary fat intake
Op welke biologische manier kan child maltreatment lijden tot long-term outcomes? (Strathearn at al., 2020)
-neurodevelopmental pathways are
likely in uenced by stress and early
social experience through epigenetic
mechanisms, which may affect gene
expression and regulation and,
ultimately, behavior and
development.
Wat houdt exposure to domestic violence in?
-Exposure to domestic violence involves
witnessing a family member being subjected to physical
assaults, threats or property damage by another adult or
teenager normally resident in the household. It extends to
witnessing other forms of non-physical behaviour that is
sexually, financially, or verbally coercive, or which isolates
someone from their family or friends
Waarom is child maltreatment ook een economic burden? (Mehta et al., 2021)
-Maltreated children may experience
long term impacts on mental, physical and reproductive health, with economic implications for health, welfare and
justice systems as well as productivity losses from reduced
labour force participation rates
