Week 1 - Introduction, Eukaryotes, Metazoa

Question 1

What are the four main reasons to study invertebrate diversity?

Answer 1

Technical, Practical, Aesthetic, Conceptual

Question 2

How many known phyla are represented in marine environments?

Answer 2

30/34

Question 3

What are the names of the kingdoms in the 5 kingdom system?

Answer 3

Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protista, Monera

Question 4

What are the three major branches in the tree of life in the current system

Answer 4

Eukaryota, Eubacteria (Bacteria), Archaea

Question 5

What are the three organisms discussed in class associated with Archaea

Answer 5

Methanotrophic bacteria, thermacidophiles, halophiles

Question 6

What conditions do Methanotrophic bacteria prefer?

Answer 6

Anaerobic; they live in swamps and marshes. They are also used in sewage treatment

Question 7

What conditions do the extreme Halophiles prefer

Answer 7

Saline conditions eg. The Great Salt Lake and The Dean Sea

Question 8

What pigment found is found in halophiles that cause them to cause a pink scum?

Answer 8

Bacteriorhodopsin

Question 9

What conditions do Thermacidophiles prefer?

Answer 9

Hot and acidic conditions (60-80 degrees, 2 - 4 pH). Often in geothermal areas eg. Rotorua

Question 10

What domain are Cyanobacteria found in?

Answer 10

Eubacteria

Question 11

What are calcerous mounds deposited by Cyanobacteria called?

Answer 11

Stromatolites

Question 12

What is the blue pigment in Cyanobacteria called?

Answer 12

Phycocyanin

Question 13

What is the green pigment in Cyanobacteria called?

Answer 13

chl a

Question 14

What is the main ecosystem service Cynaobacteria are providing?

Answer 14

Nitrogen fixing (N2 = Nitrate)

Question 15

What does LUCA stand for?

Answer 15

Last unifying common ancestor

Question 16

What are protists?

Answer 16

A paraphyletic group consisting of those eukaryotes that are not animals, true fungi or green plants

Question 17

The endosymbiont hypothesis proposes a theory as to how the __________ was formed (fill in the blank)

Answer 17

Mitochondria

Question 18

The endosymbiont hypothesis says that an early eukaryotic cell engulfed what kind of cell in order to create the mitochondria?

Answer 18

Pha-photobacteria

Question 19

In the endosymbiont hypothesis, what type of cell did the mitochondrion bearing eukaryote ingest in order to give rise to chloroplasts?

Answer 19

Cyanobacteria

Question 20

What are the two main uses/services provided by protists?

Answer 20

Food/symbionts for invertebrates, Nitrogen/Carbon fixing in oceans

Question 21

What is the suggested state that the LUCA took?

Answer 21

Common ancestral community of primitive cells

Question 22

The Chromalveolates consist of what type of organisms

Answer 22

Eukaryotic organisms that can be photosynthetic or photosynthetic (still contain some residual chloroplasts)

Question 23

What is the SAR group in the Chromalveolates?

Answer 23

Stramenopiles, Alveolates, Rhizaria

Question 24

What is the main characteristic that unifies all Alveolates?

Answer 24

A cell surface underlain by a series of abutting sacs or alveoli

Question 25

What are the three main taxa in the Alveolates?

Answer 25

Flagellated Dinoflagellates, Parasitic Apicomplexa, Ciliated Cilates

Question 26

How many flagella do the Dinoflagellates have and what type are they

Answer 26

2 flagella, horizontal and longitudinal

Question 27

What other organism do Dinoflagellates form a positive symbiont relationship with

Answer 27

Coral - when corals bleach it is because they have lost these symbionts

Question 28

What 3 reasons are there for the taxa Dinoflagellates to be ecologically important?

Answer 28

zooxanthellae, toxic algal blooms, bioluminescence

Question 29

Zoochlorella are the symbionts for what type of organisms?

Answer 29

Freshwater

Question 30

Zooxhanthella are the symbionts for what type of organisms?

Answer 30

Radiolarians

Question 31

Symbiodinium are the symbionts for what type of organisms?

Answer 31

Hermatypic corals

Question 32

The taxa Apicompleza have what type of form?

Answer 32

Apical complex of microtubules

Question 33

The apicomplexa are parasitic on what types of organisms?

Answer 33

Invertebrates and Vertebrates

Question 34

Name the example used in the lecture of a parasitic organism in the Apicomplexa that causes considerable harm to humans around the world, and the common name for the blood-borne disease

Answer 34

Plasmodium - Malaria

Question 35

What are the Ciliates?

Answer 35

Unicellular protists that have cilia which are used for feeding and locomotion

Question 36

What does the S stand for in SAR?

Answer 36

Stramenopiles

Question 37

What are three forms that the Stramenopiles can take?

Answer 37

Diatoms, Chrysophytes, Brown algae

Question 38

What are the two forms that the Diatoms can take?

Answer 38

Pinnate and centric

Question 39

Where are you most likely to see large quantities of Diatoms?

Answer 39

During phytoplankton blooms during spring

Question 40

What are the Chrysophytes?

Answer 40

Golden algae mainly in FW lakes

Question 41

What are the Phaeophyta

Answer 41

Brown seaweeds

Question 42

What type of life cycle does the brown algae have

Answer 42

Alternation of generations

Question 43

What does the R stand for in SAR

Answer 43

Rhizaria

Question 44

What does the Rhizaria comprise of?

Answer 44

Amoebae, flagellates, and amoeboflagellates

Question 45

What is an amoebae?

Answer 45

A type of cell or organism that can alter its shape by extending or retracting pseudopods

Question 46

What do ameobae use their Pseudopoida for?

Answer 46

Locomotion and feeding

Question 47

What type of skeletons to Radiolaria have?

Answer 47

Siliceaous (SiO2)

Question 48

Name the two main types of organisms found in the Radiolaria

Answer 48

Radiolaria, Foraminifera

Question 49

What is the job of the psuedopodia in the Foraminifera?

Answer 49

Used for food capture. They are extensively branching forming dense networks

Question 50

What do Foraminifera feed on?

Answer 50

Otehr protists, small metazoans, fungi, bacteria, organic detritus

Question 51

What is a test? (in terms of biology)

Answer 51

The hard shell surrounding body

Question 52

What are the characteristics tests of Forams

Answer 52

Organic, agglutinated, calcarous

Question 53

What does Agglutinated mean?

Answer 53

Made from material gathered from the environment eg. sand

Question 54

What is the 4th Chromalveolate that does not fall under the SAR group (hint: starts with H)

Answer 54

Hacrobia

Question 55

What body forms do the Hacrobia take?

Answer 55

Flagellates, amoebae, micro algae, heterotrophs - identified by molecular analysis only