Week 1 - Joints And Bones of the Upper Limb Flashcards
How do you classify joints?
According to the tissue uniting the bone
- Hence there are fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial joint
What types of tissue can be located between joints?
- Fibrous
- Cartilaginous
- Synovial
What are some characteristics of joints?
- Most are moveable, some are not
- Can be rigid or flexible, depending upon the strength and range of movement possible at a particular site
- Movement at joints is smooth and controlled
- Receive abundant blood and nerve supply
What does the stability of a joint depend on?
- The shape, size and arrangement of the articulate surfaces
- The ligaments
- The tone of the muscles around the joint
What are joints?
Articulations between 2 or more bones
Describe some characteristics of fibrous joints
- Fixed
- Immobile
Where can fibrous joints be found?
- Sutures in skull
- Teeth (gomphosis)
- Interosseous membranes (between the radius and ulna)
- Syndesmosis
Describe cartilaginous joints
Connecting medium is hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Can be primary (synchondrosis) or secondary joints (symphysis)
Primary:
- Only involve hyaline cartilage
- Joints can be immovable (synarthroses) or slightly movable (amphiarthroses)
Secondary joints:
- Can involve hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
- Joints are slightly moveable (amphiarthroses)
- E.g. Public symphysis
- E.g. Joint between the diaphysis and epihphysis of a growing long bone
Describe synovial joints
- A joint filled with synovial fluid
- Tend to be fully moveable (amphiarthroses)
- Main type of joint found around the body
- Defined by the arrangement of their articular surfaces, and the types of movement they allow
- Many different types
- Have 3 main features: articular capsule, synovial fluid, articular cartilage
- Also has accessory structures (e.g. Menisci) and ligaments (extrinsic and intrinsic)
What types of synovial joints are there?
- Hinge: permits flexion and extension (e.g. Elbow joint)
- Saddle: concave and convex joint surfaces (e.g. Metatarsophalangeal joint)
- Ball and socket: permits movement in several axes (e.g. Shoulder and hip joints)
- Condyloid: permits flexion and extension, abduction, addiction and circumduction (e.g. Metacarpophalangeal joint)
- Pivot: allows rotation, they are round bony processes that fit into a bony ligamantous socket (e.g. Atlantoaxial joint, proximal radioulnar joint)
- Plane: permits gliding or sliding movements (e.g. Acromioclavicular joint)
What are the roles of the skeleton?
- Support
- Protection
- Shape
- Movement (attachments for muscles; levers)
- Haemopoiesis (red marrow)
- Mineral storage (bone matrix)
- Lipid storage (yellow marrow)
What is the structure of the skeleton?
There is an axial and appendicular skeleton Axial: - 80 bones - Protection and support - Consists of: skill, vertebral column, ribcage Appendicular: - 126 bones - Mobility - Consists of: upper limb and lower limb
What different bones are there?
- Long (e.g. Femur)
- Short (e.g. Wrist)
- Flat (e.g. Skull)
- Irregular (e.g. Sphenoid)
- Sesamoid (e.g. Pisiform bones in hand, patella)
What is a tuberosity?
Roughened, rounded elevation
What is a tubercle?
Smaller elevation than the tuberosity
What is a spine?
A slender projection
What is a trochanter?
Large projection of the femur
What is a condyle?
A large prominence or rounded surface
What is a crest?
A ridge
What is a sinus?
A hollow space
What is a fossa?
A depression
What is a meatus?
A tunnel/canal
What is a foramen?
A hole/opening
What is a fissure?
A cleft/narrow slit
