Week 1 lec - a fuck load of terminology

Question 1

define aetiology

Answer 1

cause of disease

Question 2

what is pathogenic degeneration (& metabolic)?

Answer 2

deterioration of cells or tissues in response to, or failure to adapt to a variety of agents

Question 3

examples of lesions due to excessive secretion of a cell product

Answer 3

nasal mucus, hormones

Question 4

a sign is?

Answer 4

objective findings detectable via senses, instruments, tests

Question 5

define manifestations

Answer 5

morphological, functional & clinical change

Question 6

example of primary vs secondary stages

Answer 6

primary tumour is initial site from which cancer cells travel to cause secondary tumours in other tissues or organs

Question 7

list 4 functional abnormalities which can result in lesions

Answer 7

–excessive secretion of a cell product
–insufficient secretion of a cell product
–impaired nerve conduction
–impaired contractility of muscle

Question 8

Pathogenic classifications of acquired diseases

Answer 8

• haemodynamic
• growth disorders
• injury & disordered repair
• disordered immunity
• metabolic & degenerative disorders
• inflammatory

Question 9

epidemiology, the study of pathology of populations allows us to?

Answer 9

identify causes and modes of acquisition of disease

Question 10

a congenital disease can be ______ or non-_____

Answer 10

genetic genetic

Question 11

secondary disease means

Answer 11

complication or manifestation of an underlying lesion -e.g. secondary hypertension may be a consequence of renal artery stenosis

Question 12

exaple of lesion due to rupture of a hollow viscus

Answer 12

aneurism, intestinal perforation

Question 13

a symptom is?

Answer 13

felt and described by patient, subjective abnormalities

Question 14

what is a lesion?

Answer 14

a structural or functional abnormality

Question 15

cause of prolonged effects of disease

Answer 15

if host has impaired capacity for defence, repair

Question 16

mortality is?

Answer 16

probability of death –e.g. 50% of all those presenting with disease

Question 17

what is a pathogenic immune reaction?

Answer 17

undesirable effects of the body’s immune system

Question 18

example of lesion caused by deposition of excessive or abnormal material in an organ

Answer 18

amyloid

Question 19

Categories of causalagents:

Answer 19

– genetic abnormalities
– infective agents
– chemicals
– radiation
– mechanical trauma
– socio-economic

Question 20

define complications & sequelae

Answer 20

secondary effects of disease

Question 21

define prognosis

Answer 21

outcome

Question 22

cause vs agent of tuberculosis?

Answer 22

– caused by poverty, social deprivation, malnutrition

– the agentis the tubercle bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 23

three characteristics of chronic disease

Answer 23

–prolonged course of months or years
–often insidious onset
–may follow an initial acute episode

Question 24

characteristic of benign tumours?

Answer 24

remain localised within tissue of origin & rarely lethal

Question 25

primary disease means?

Answer 25

without evident cause e.g. primary hypertension has no apparent cause

Question 26

example of lesion due to obstruction to normal flow

Answer 26

asthma, vascular occlusion

Question 27

examples of lesions due to insufficient secretion of a cell product

Answer 27

insulin in DM

Question 28

define epidemiology

Answer 28

incidence, prevalence, pop’n distrib’n

Question 29

pathogenesis (disease mechanisms) may not occur immediately after exposure, but during periods of...?

Answer 29

– latency (carcinogenesis) or – incubation (infectious diseases)

Question 30

morbidity is?

Answer 30

sum of the disease’s effects upon pa’ –e.g. breathlessness after heart attack (MI)

Question 31

what haemodynamic pathogenesis

Answer 31

shock, ischaemia

Question 32

if cause unknown, disease is classified as:

Answer 32

primary, idiopathic, essential, spontaneous or cryptogenic

Question 33

define pathogenesis

Answer 33

mechanism of disease

Question 34

what could cause distant effects of a disease

Answer 34

spread of infective agent

Question 35

examples of symptoms

Answer 35

* fatigue * nausea * pain * malaise * fever * altered bowel habits * SOB

Question 36

example of lesion due to abnormally sited tissue due to: metastasis, invasion, abnormal devep’t

Answer 36

tumours

Question 37

what is carcinogenesis?

Answer 37

growth disorders - the mechanism by which carcinogenic agents produce tumours

Question 38

examples of signs

Answer 38

* sight (rash, pupil dilation) * taste (sweet urine) * hearing (heart beat)​ * ​smell (ketoacidosis) * touch (pulse, swollen lymph nodes) * blood pressure * LFTs

Question 39

a nosocomial disease is?

Answer 39

acquired as consequence of hospital stay

Question 40

a Iatrogenic disease is?

Answer 40

attributable to practitioner’s actions

Question 41

examples of malignant (severe) hypertension

Answer 41

headaches, blindness, renal failure, cerebral haemorrhage

Question 42

two characteristics of acute disease?

Answer 42

–rapid onset –often rapid resolution

Question 43

example of secondary effect of disease

Answer 43

tumours

Question 44

example of a space occupying lesion

Answer 44

tumours

Question 45

here is a really good picture which you should probably learn

Question 46

what is normal health?

Answer 46

most frequent state in a population defined by age, gender, ethnicity etc

Question 47

example of benign (mild) hypertension

Answer 47

insidious tissue injury

Question 48

pathogenic inflammation is a response to...

Answer 48

many microbes & other harmful agents causing tissue damage

Question 49

example of lesion due to loss of healthy tissue

Answer 49

ulceration or infarction

Question 50

malignant tumours

Answer 50

spread or metastasise & usually lethal