Week 1 lecture 2

Question 1

toxins that inhibit glycine

Answer 1

• receptor inhibitors: strychnine and Calycanthus spp. (ie Carolina allspice, strawberry shrub, and bubby bush)
• Receptor inhibitors (gelsemium spp. ie yellow jessamine)
• Release inhibitors (tetanus toxins)

Question 2

glycine fx

Answer 2

• interneuron releases glycine which turns off initial neuron firing ot end muscle stimulation
• spinal nerve stim muscle cell and renshaw cell -> stem glycine and turn off muscle cell)

Question 3

what happens if inhibit glycine fx

Answer 3

spastic paralysis

Question 4

clinical signs direct glycine inhibitors

Answer 4

• onset 10-120 min (may find in stomach)
• anxiety, hyper responsive, tremors -> seizures
• death from resp failure 10 min -48hrs

Question 5

seizures associated with glycine inhib

Answer 5

• begin with face neck and limbs -> sardonic grin

- saw horse stance

Question 6

tx glycine inhibitors

Answer 6

• stablize
• DO NOT ENDUCE V+
• enterogastric lavage/ rumenotomy (anesthesia)
• barbiturates and propofol for seizure control
• supportive care, thiamin

Question 7

contraindicated for tx glycine inhibitors

Answer 7

• ketamine
• morphine
• emetics

Question 8

strychnine does what, onset, found where, affects who

Answer 8

• glycine receptor inhibitor
• found in rodent baits
• duration signs hrs to days, death < 30 min
• can affect any species

Question 9

strychnine ADME

Answer 9

A- SI, rapid
D- rapid (high conc liver and kidney)
M- hepatic
E- about 48hrs

Question 10

dx strychnine toxicosis

Answer 10

• chem analysis bait, stomach content, liver, kidney, urine

- poor prognosis

Question 11

Tetanus toxin does what, onset, get how

Answer 11

• glycine release inhibitor
• slower onset
• clostridial wound contamination

Question 12

tetanus toxin affects who

Answer 12

can affect any species but horses most sensitive

Question 13

strychnine duration of signs

Answer 13

• onset min to hrs, often find in stomach bc onset so fast

Question 14

Clostridium tetani exotoxins

Answer 14

• tetanolysin (spreading factor, makes place for bacteria to live)
• tetanospasmin (causes neurologic changes)

Question 15

tetanus clinical signs

Answer 15

• start at puncture spread from there
• slower onset than strychnine
• sustained titanic contractions (saw horse stance, rises sardonic, pump handle tail, lockjaw horse/ human, elevated nictitating membrane)
• death from resp failure

Question 16

tx tetanus

Answer 16

• keep animal quiet
• wound care
• antitoxin close to puncture
• teteanus toxoid at diff site than antitoxin
• muscle relaxant

Question 17

tetanus prognosis horse

Answer 17

• horse poor prognosis (54-80% mortality)

Question 18

canine tetanus prognosis

Answer 18

• 8-50% mortality

Question 19

tetanus prevention

Answer 19

• sanitation/ wound care

- vac horses

Question 20

GABA inhibitors include

Answer 20

• metaldehyde
• Penitrem (mycotoxin)
• fipronil
• methylxanthine (at high dose)
• cyclone explosives
• Amanita muscaria
• cicuta maculata
• corydalis spp.
• Dicentra spp.

Question 21

gaba fx

Answer 21

• inhibit neurotransmitter that prevents spasm

Question 22

gaba inhibitirion -> ?

Answer 22

• spastic paralysis

- prevents similarly to glycine inhibitors

Question 23

Metaldehyde sources

Answer 23

• snail and slug bait

Question 24

Metaldehyde ADME

Answer 24

* GABA inhibitor*
A- gastric acid -> hydrolysis to acetaldehyde
D- max plasma conc reached 1-3 hrs
M- hepatic P450
E- bile, enterohepatic circulation

Question 25

clin path for metaldehyde

Answer 25

- Elevated muscle enzymes (chemistry) - hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia - metabolic acidosis

Question 26

tx metaldehyde toxicosis

Answer 26

- aggressive decontamination (emesis contraindicated if symptomatic) - supportive and symptomatic care - seizure control

Question 27

Cicuta maculata alt name and toxic principle

Answer 27

- water hemlock | - gaba inhiitor

Question 28

cicuta maculata onset, see what

Answer 28

- onset w/ in 30 min - muscle twitch -> tetany - often lethal

Question 29

cicuta maculata toxic principle

Answer 29

- cicutoxin A

Question 30

Sympathomimetic toxins include

Answer 30

- Methyxanthines - Cocaine - Amphetimines, cathinone, pseudoephedrine ect. - Rasberry ketone - Atomoxetine - Amitraz - Beta Agonist

Question 31

Methylxanthine toxic principle

Answer 31

*sympathomimetic toxin* | adenosine antagonism

Question 32

cocaine toxic principle

Answer 32

* sympathomimetic toxin* - inc catecholamine release - inc dopamine release

Question 33

amphetamines, cathinone, pseudoephedrine toxic principle

Answer 33

* sympathomimetic toxin* - NE, dopamine, serotonin release - MOAI - Na+ channel effects - MDMA, ++ seroteonergic

Question 34

Raspberry ketone toxic principle

Answer 34

* sympathomimetic toxin* | - enhances NE effects

Question 35

Atomoxetine toxic principle

Answer 35

* sympathomimetic toxin* | - NE reuptake inhibitor

Question 36

Amitraz toxic principle

Answer 36

* sympathomimetic toxin* | - a2-receptor agonist

Question 37

B agonists inculde

Answer 37

* sympathomimetic toxin* | - facto-amine, zilpaterol

Question 38

B2 agonists include

Answer 38

* sympathomimetic toxin* - albuterol - Clenbuterol

Question 39

B3 agonists include

Answer 39

* sympathomimetic toxin* | - mirabegron

Question 40

Sympathomimetic toxidrome

Answer 40

``` HAS MTH H- Hypertension A- Agitation S- Sweating M- mydriasis T- tachycardia H- hyperthermia * these are all sympathetic responses* ```

Question 41

methylxanthines affect who, onset

Answer 41

- all species, but most common in small dogs - onset min -> hrs, effects can last hrs, early mortality possible

Question 42

sources methyxanthines

Answer 42

- coffee - caffeine tabs - OTC preps (cold, analgesic) - Theophylline (tablets, elixers, tea) - chocolate

Question 43

chocolate toxicity

Answer 43

- methyxanthine | - baking chocolate > dark sweet chocolate > other types choclate

Question 44

Methylxanthine toxicity

Answer 44

Caffine > theobromine > theophylline

Question 45

Methylxanthine ADME

Answer 45

D- all compartments M- hepatic E- urinary

Question 46

Clinical signs methyxanithine toxicosis

Answer 46

- onset 1-2 hrs caffeine 2-4 hrs theobromine; early see v+/ d+/ hyperactivity - later see tachycardia, hypertension - death 18-24 hrs bc cardiac failure and seizures

Question 47

tx methyxanthine exposure

Answer 47

- symptomatic and supportive - detox stable patient - control seizures - tx tachyarrhythmia - keep calm - give muscle relaxer

Question 48

prognosis methylzanthine toxocis

Answer 48

- good if early detox | - guarded if severe (arrhythmia, seizures)

Question 49

cocaine affects who, onset when

Answer 49

- mostly affects SA | - clin signs min -> hrs, often lethal

Question 50

sources of cocaine

Answer 50

- street cocaine - Crack - Anesthetics (for eyes)

Question 51

ADME cocaine

Answer 51

A- rapid mucosa D- lipophilic M- hepatic E- urinary

Question 52

clinical signs cocaine

Answer 52

- Hyperactive - tremors, seizures - ataxia - mental obtundation - hyperthermia - tachycardia - mydriasis - salivation nd v+

Question 53

dx cocaine expsore

Answer 53

- clin signs - hx - otc test kit

Question 54

tx cocaine

Answer 54

- decontaminate large dose w/ sedation and gastric lavage - DO NOT USE EMETICS - supportive/ symptomatic (keep calm, control seizures, electrolytes)

Question 55

cocaine toxicity prognsis

Answer 55

good w/ tx