week 1- male Flashcards
(79 cards)
• What are hx Q’s for male genitalia cc?
o Penile Lesions (sores or growths): ask sexual hx
o Scrotal pain, swelling or lesion
o sexual function and response
o change in libido, quality of erections, timing/situational problems
o Prostate: discomfort in perianal, rectal or suprapubic areas
o Obstructive urinary sxs: hesitancy, forked stream, dribbling, straining
• What are the 3 parts of a male genitalia exam?
o External (inspect and palpate)
o Inguinal hernia exam
o Recta/prostate exam
• How do you perform an external male genitalia exam?
o Inspect: Low abd for femoral inguinal hernias; Hair distribution; Scrotum: contours, lesions; Prepuce (pt retracts foreskin); Glans penis, meatus, shaft (lesions, discharge, induration)
o Palpate: Inguinal LN (tender, swelling); Penis: start at base and move forward, d/c, induration; Glans penis (visualize meatus for redness, d/c); Scrotum: Testes for masses, Epididymis (pain, mass), Spermatic Cord (swelling)
• How is an inguinal hernia exam performed? Special test for scrotal mass?
o Pt stands; Use right hand for pt right side
o Invaginate loose scrotum with index finder
o Follow spermatic cord up to external inguinal ring
o Note any bulges with straining or cough
o Special: Transillumination to differentiate fluid vs. solid structures
• How is the rectal/prostate exam performed?
o Pt stands or LLD
o Inspect: Sacralcoccygeal area (pilonidal dimple); Perianal area: skin tags
o Palpate: Note sphincter tone; circumferentially for masses, swellings
o prostate: size (usu 4 cm wide), tender, consistency, mobility
o Normal: size of walnut, firm, central sulcus
o Prostatitis: boggy and tender
o BPH: enlarged, rubbery, nontender
o Carcinoma: hard nodules or areas
• What labs are done for male genitalia cc?
o serum hormones (T, LH, SHBG, prolactin)
o Sperm analysis (count, motility, % abn)
o Prostate specific antigen (PSA): total, free (see below)
o Urine culture and sensitivity
o UA, w Expressed Prostatic Secretion (EPS) for prostate infx (ejaculate culture more accurate)
• What imaging or procedures is done for male genitalia cc?
o Pelvic CT for staging
o Scrotal US to assess mass
o Transrectal US (TRUS), w needle bx for prostate
o Rigiscan for nighttime tumescence (erectile function)
o Uroflowmetry for obstruction (eg BPH)
• What are common presenting sxs for male genitalia cc?
o Erectile dysfxn
o Hematospermia
o Urethra d/c
o Scrotal pain
• What is a red flag for erectile dysfxn? Scrotal pain?
o ED: prolonged erection >4hrs (priapism); crucial to determine if organic cause!
o SP: acute onset, N/V, abd pain (r/o testicular torsion)
• What is hematospermia? Red flags?
o =blood in semen
o Mb from epididymis, seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral glands; mb idiopathic
o Common after prostate bx. Also, BPH, urethritis, epididymitis, prostatitis, bleeding disorder, STI
o RF: sxs >1mo, palpable mass, hematuria, obstructive sx
• What could cause male urethra d/c? red flags?
o mb STI (gonococcal or non-gonococcal) or E coli
o Note: GU or NGU treated empirically
o RF: pelvic pain, fever, chills, urinary retention
• What are the penile conditions?
o Epispadias o Hypospadias o Balanitis, Posthitis and Balanoposthitis o Phimosis o Paraphimosis o Peyronie’s Dz o Cutaneous Penile Lesions
• What is epispadias? Hypospadias?
o E: congenital malformation of urethral meatus: upper (dorsal) side of penis; make sure urine flow is adequate - refer to urologist
o H: lower (ventral) side of the penis
o Both: mb repaired by urethroplasty → scarring/stricture → reflux
• What are Balanitis, Posthitis and Balanoposthitis? Variant?
o Balanitis: inflam of glans penis
o Posthitis: inflam foreskin
o Balanoposthitis: inflam of both
o Infx (candida, GC, Chlamydia, scabies, etc) or Non-infx (contact dermatitis, psoriasis, etc)
o Usu w poor hygiene, diabetics
o May predispose to meatal stricture, phimosis, paraphimosis, CA
o Variant: Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO)= lichen sclerosis of penis; indurated, white area on glans penis, from chronic inflam
• What is phimosis? 2 types? Risks factors? Paraphimosis?
o Foreskin can’t retract away from glans penis
o Physiologic: In boys, 50% of normal retractability by age 10 (or 15) Do not force retraction! St → circumcision
o Pathologic: Pain, constriction, meatus blockage dt adhesion
o Risk: Frequent diaper rash; poor hygiene; use of condom catheter, DM, aging w reduced sexual activity
o Para: Foreskin stuck in retracted position → inflamed → ↓ blood flow to glans may → gangrene, necrosis
• What is Peyronie’s Dz? PE?
o Scarring of tunica albuginea in corpora cavernosa → plaques →painful erection and dorsal curvature
o d/o of wound healing → over-expression of TGF-β1
o usu Caucasians. Up to 10% of men with ED have PD.
o Significant psychological affects!
o PE: palpable plaque on dorsal surface of penis
• What are the types of cutaneous penile lesions?
o Genital herpes: primary or recurrent infx; common ulcerative STI; usu dt HSV-2 (10-30% HSV-1)
o Genital warts (Condylomata Accuminata)
o Syphilitic Chancre
o Chancroid:
o Carcinoma in situ/Erythroplasia of Queyrat
o SCC of Penis
o Pearly Penile Papules
o Contact dermatitis: eczematous rash (red, pruritic) mb dt latex/other allergy
• What is a primary genital herpes infx?
o Usu occurs 4-7 after exposure to virus; Outbreak is more painful, prolonged and widespread than recurrent form
o Clusters of vesicles erupt and form superficial ulcers, erythematous base (on prepuce, glans, penile shaft, anus, rectum, thighs)
o Ssx: urinary hesitancy, dysuria, constipation, sacral neuralgia, flu-like discomfort, fever. Scarring may follow healing
o The virus sheds for about 3 weeks
• What is recurrent genital herpes infx? Dx?
o 80% HSV-2 and 50% HSV-1 have recurrent outbreaks, less severe
o Virus only sheds ~ 3 d
o On average, ~ 4 recurrences a year
o Men have 20% more recurrences than women
o Dx: PE lesions, Tzanck test, viral culture
• What are genial warts (Condylomata Accuminata)?
o common STI, dt HPV (> 100 types)
o ~90% dt 6 and 11, considered “low risk” cancer–causing potential.
o 16 and 18 highly associated w cervical and penile CA
o Usu ages 17–33
o highly contagious: 60% risk of infx w exposure
• what is pathophysiology of genital warts? Risk factors?
o Path: Viral particles penetrate skin and mucosal surfaces through microscopic abrasions in genital area, during sexual activity. Latency mb mos-yrs
o Risk: assoc w OCPs dt ↑ sexual contact w/o condoms, multiple sex partners, and early onset sexual activity
• What do genital wart lesions look like?
o Painless, mb bothersome dt location, size, or itching
o Size: variable < 1mm to several cm2 (if grouped)
o Soft consistency, raised, irregular surface
o Loc: mb > 1 area. urethra, penis, scrotum, rectal area
o HPV infx mb dormant or undetectable, lesions mb hidden by hair or in inner aspect of uncircumcised foreskin
• What is Syphilitic Chancre?
o contagious primary infection of Treponema pallidum
o solitary, painless (or slightly tender) ulcer
o non-exudative, indurated edge
o regional nontender LA
o Serologic testing
• What is Chancroid?
o infx of Haemophilus ducreyi
o painful, shallow non-indurated ulcers, irregular edges and red borders
o gray or yellow purulent exudate
o regional tender LA, may abscess (form buboes)
o PCR testing
