Week 1 Midterm Flashcards by Brittany Young

How was the mind body problem view during the Dark Ages?

Folk Medicine, prayer, exorcisms, and religion prevailed

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How did Christianity view the mind body problem?

Christian doctrine view the body as weak and an imperfect vessel of the soul
Mind and behavior had to do with religion and were domain of the church

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Did Christianity promote a monolistic or dualistic view?

Dualistic view that separated mind and body

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What did the scientific approach to disease do?

Began focusing on biological processes singularly

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Define the mind body problem

The mind body problem is the problem of explaining how our mental states, beliefs, and thinking are related to physical states

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Define the Materialist/Monoist View

There is only one substance which is physical/material thus mind and body are both physical meaning that mind and body can impact one another

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Define the Dualist View

The belief that mental states are only able to affect other mental states, and physical states can only affect other physical states
(sees mind and body as separate entities)

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What is the Philosophy of the Mind Body Problem?

-The mind and soul are nonphysical, and the body is a physical object
- A nonphysical/spirit cannot interact with physical objects this means that mind cannot affect body

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What is Cartesian Philosophy?

It is a dualistic philosophy created by Rene Descarte which describes the distinction between mind and body

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What does Cartisianism emphasize?

It emphasizes the distinction between the observer and the observed which support the notion of objectivity

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What is the dominant paradigm used to explain, describe, and understand reality through science?

Cartesian World View

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What is the biomedical model based on?

Cartesian Philosophy

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How does reductionism view humans?

It simplifies complex human experiences. The human body is like a machine and brain a computer responding to numerous neural impulses

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What is the problem with reductionism?

While it does offer deep understanding in some areas, it strips humans of autonomy, free will, and individual responsibility.

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What did John Dewey do/believe?

He challenged Cartesian dualism and conceptualized a “body-self”. He believed that we are beings in the world connected with the world.

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What did Emerson do/believe?

-He believed that knowledge of self and knowledge of nature are the same.
-Mind body and world are inseparably interdependent (relied on each other)

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Define World View

Collection of beliefs about life and the universe held by an individual or group often it is unexamined or unquestioned.

What are the ways of knowing?

Science is 1 way of knowing but it only knows what it knows. Other ways of knowing are intuition, tradition, folk wisdom, and personal experience.

Why was the biomedical model devised?

The biomedical model was devised by medical science to study disease.

What is the biomedical model?

It is a scientific model and shares a set of assumptions and rules based on the scientific method.

What is a model?

A model is a belief system used to explain natural phenomenon.

What is a folk model?

A folk model is a culturally derived belief system.

When is a model revised?

In science a model is revised when it fails to account adequately for all the data.

What is dogma?

Dogma requires discrepant data to be forced to fit the model or else it is excluded.

Is the biomedical model dogma?

yes

In the biomedical model there are two alternatives whereby behavior and disease can be classified. What are they?

o Reductionist view o Exclusionist View

What does the reductionist view in biomed believe?

- Believes that all behavioral phenomenon of disease must be conceptualized in terms of psycho chemical principles they believe that these behaviors belong in the spectrum of disease and should be treated by psychiatry

What does the exclusionist view in biomed say?

States that whatever cannot be explained through biomedicine must be excluded from the categories of disease. Mental illness is a myth and would eliminate psychiatry for medicine

What are the assumptions of the biomedical model?

-Disease can be fully accounted for by deviations from a normal measurable biological variable -Disease can be dealt with as something independent of social behavior -Behavioral aberrations can be explained on the basis of disordered somatic, biochemical, or neurophysiological processes (unusual behaviors can often be traced back to physical or chemical problems in the body or brain) – “Better living through chemistry”

What does Engel say needs to be in the new model?

-The biochemical defect alone cannot account for illness experience -The patients subjective experience should be taken into account -Must take into account the psychophysiological responses to life change -Psychological and social factors area also crucial in determining whether and when patients with a biochemical abnormality come to view themselves as sick and are willing to accept the patient role -Other factors may combine to sustain patient status even in the face of biochemical recovery -The relationship between patient and physician influence therapeutic outcome for better or worse.

What are the obstacles to implementing the biopsychosocial model?

o Investment o Professionalization o Difficulty in accepting change at level of training o Pharmaceutical industry

What is the General Systems Theory?

Idea that all levels of organization are linked to each other and that change in one area affects change in another.

What is a benefit of the General Systems Theory?

- Should improve communications across scientific disciplines

What is Conventional Medicine also known as Western Medicine?

Disease focused – treats symptoms using drugs, radiation, or surgery

What is Alternative Medicine?

Treats symptoms using medications that are closer to nature – not all treatments are scientifically validated

What is Complementary Medicine?

-Uses both conventional and alternative medicine to diagnose and treat symptoms

What is integrative medicine?

Combines conventional and alternative medicine in a coordinated way and places emphasis on data driven solutions that are safe, and patient focused

What is functional medicine?

Treats patient not disease- focuses on prevention rather than treatment – questions the foundations of conventional medicine

What is positive health?

Describes a state beyond the absence of disease

Why focus on well-being?

People desire well-being in its own right beyond the relief of their suffering – wellbeing is a buffer against mental disorders

What are the independent variables for measuring positive health?

- Subjective- feeling a sense of well being - Biological- Relevant to health BMI BP etc - Functional- Lab test data (exercise tolerance, gait, etc)/personal ecology (activities of daily living)

What is the Copenhagen Medici Model?

Model proposed by Seligman to unify interdisciplinary expertise in positive health research to enhance understanding of health and well-being factors