Week 1: Neuroanatomy

Question 1

Central Nervous System

Answer 1

Made up of the brain and the spinal cord
- Spinal Cord
- Brain Stem
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum

Question 2

Neurons

Answer 2

The brain is made of special cells called “neurons”. Specialized cells that generate impulses and transmit information.

Question 3

Axons

Answer 3

Where electrical impulses from the neuron travel away to be received by other neurons. The long threadlike part of the nerve.

Question 4

Gray Matter

Answer 4

Unmyelinated Neurons. **Composed of mostly the neuronal cell bodies. Grey matter on the surface of the brain is called myelin. The gray matter on the surface of the brain is called the cortex.

Question 5

White Matter

Answer 5

Composed of axons surrounded by large quantities of myelin.

Question 6

Myelin

Answer 6

a mixture of proteins and phospholipids forming a whitish insulating sheath around many nerve fibers, increasing the speed at which impulses are conducted.

Question 7

Afferent

Answer 7

Carry sensory information from the skin and other organs to the central nervous system

Question 8

Efferent

Answer 8

Carry information away from the central nervous system

Question 9

Ganglia

Answer 9

Ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies found throughout the body. They are part of the peripheral nervous system and carry nerve signals to and from the central nervous system.

Question 10

Interneurons

Answer 10

they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. As well as transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons, interneurons can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity.

Question 11

Spinal Cord

Answer 11

The spinal cord is a long, tube-like band of tissue. It connects your brain to your lower back. Your spinal cord carries nerve signals from your brain to your body and vice versa.

Question 12

Brain Stem

Answer 12

the structure that connects the cerebrum of the brain to the spinal cord and cerebellum. It is composed of three sections in descending order: the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Function: breathing, consciousness, blood pressure, heart rate, and sleep.

Question 13

Cerebellum

Answer 13

Movement, balance, and coordination

Question 14

Diencephalon

Answer 14

The diencephalon is made up of the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus. coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms

Question 15

Thalamus

Answer 15

Process emotional and memory information, integrate different types of sensation (sight and touch), regulates consciousness and arousal, and attention.

Question 16

Hypothalamus

Answer 16

Regulates growth, reproductive organs, and maintains homeostasis.

Question 17

Epithalamus

Answer 17

Made up of pineal gland and influences the secretion of other glands like pituitary and adrenal.

Question 18

Subthalamus

Answer 18

movement regulation along with the rest of the basal ganglia

Question 19

Sulci and Gyri

Answer 19

The surface of the brain is made up of GYRI elevations and SULCI grooves

Question 20

Lobes of the brain

Answer 20

Frontal: Voluntary movement, expressive language, and managing behavior
Parietal: Hearing, Taste, touch, sight, and smell
Occipital: Vision
Temporal: Processing auditory information and memory

Question 21

Corpus Callosum

Answer 21

Connects the left and right parts of the brain (AKA hemispheres)

Question 22

Basal Ganglia

Answer 22

Controls voluntary movements (affected in Parkinson’s)

Question 23

Hippocampus

Answer 23

Long term memory formation and memory retrieval

Question 24

Amygdala

Answer 24

Processing emotions

Question 25

Cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 25

The fluid the brain is floating in. It is stored in 4 cavities called Ventricles. The fluid protects, removes waste, and delivers nutrients.

Question 26

Meninges

Answer 26

The membranous covering of the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 27

In the peripheral nervous system, ____ axons transfer information from the brain to the body.

Answer 27

Efferent

Question 28

True or False, all sensory information is processed in the brain.

Answer 28

FALSE

Question 29

An injury to the cerebellum would cause which of the following impairments.

Answer 29

Difficulty with movement and balance.

Question 30

The bumpy portions on the top of the brain are called

Answer 30

Gyri

Question 31

This anatomical feature connects the left and right parts of the brain

Answer 31

Corpus Callosum

Question 32

Which of the following sections of the brain is responsible for long term memory formation and retrieval

Answer 32

Hippocampus

Question 33

The ventricles are filled with which of the following

Answer 33

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 34

The brain is covered by which of the following

Answer 34

Meninges

Question 35

Injury to the brain stem would result in which of the following

Answer 35

Difficulty controlling heart and lungs

Question 36

Which of the following anatomical features influences the secretion of glands like the pituitary and adrenal glands

Answer 36

Pineal gland