Week 1 Pulmonary Flashcards
what is the sternal angle?
-formed by articulation of manubrium with the body of the sternum
-the point from which all costal cartilages and ribs are counted
-marks the level of bifurcation of the trachea into the right and left main stem bronchi
where does the sternal angle lie?
-at the level of 2nd costal cartilage
-opposite the intervertebral disc between T4&T5
which ribs are true, false, and floating?
1-7 = true (vertebrosternal connection)
8-10 = false (have vertebrochondral connection)
11-12 = floating (only vertebral connection)
what is ventilation?
the process of moving air in and out of the lungs
what is the purpose of the respiratory system?
maximize gas exchange
what is happening during inspiration?
-the diaphragm contracts and flattens elevating the lower ribs and pushing the upper ribs and sternum up and out
-chest cavity elongates and enlarges
-intrapulmonic pressure decreases allowing air to follow the pressure gradient and come in
is expiration passive or active?
usually passive except during strenuous exercise (internal intercostals and abdominal muscles are used)
what is the valsalva maneuver?
-the closing of the glottis following a full inspiration while maximally activating the expiratory muscles
-results in an increase in intrathoracic pressure helping stabilize the chest during lifting
what are the types of pleuritis or pleuritic pain?
hemothorax (blood), pneumothorax (air), empyema (pus), and pleural effusion (swelling)
what is pleura?
two membranes surrounding the lungs
what is the hilus?
the point at which the nerves, vessels, and primary bronchi penetrate the parenchyma
what is the difference between the right and left lung?
no middle long on the left
where is a tracheostomy tube placed?
between the second and third tracheal rings
where is gas exchanged allowing oxygen to enter into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide to leave?
bronchioles and alveoli
what is fick’s law?
if surface area decreases or thickness increases then gas diffusion decreases
-gas diffuses through the tissue at a rate proportional to the surface area and inversely proportional to its thickness
what is surfactant and why is it important?
-lipoprotein lubricant mix of phospholipids, proteins, and calcium produced by the alveolar epithelial cells
-without it our lungs would stretching out on inspiration and collapse on expiration (balloon)
-keeps surface tension on alveoli
what is the conducting zone of the airway?
(dead space)
trachea, primary bronchus, bronchus, bronchi, bronchioles
what is the transitional and respiratory zone of the airway?
(where gas exchange takes place)
respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs
what is the difference between ventilation and respiration?
respiration = exchange of gases
ventilation = moving air in and out of lungs
what is tidal volume?
normal breathing at rest
= between 0.4 and 1 liter per breath
what is inspiratory reserve volume?
the amount of space you have above tidal volume to increase inspiratory breath at rest
= about 2.5-3.5 liters
what is expiratory reserve volume?
the amount of space you have below tidal volume to breathe out
what is force vital capacity?
the summation of IRV + TV + ERV
= about 3-5 liters
decreases with age or if not utilized
what is residual lung volume?
the dead space you can’t breathe out
= about 0.8-1.4 liters
increases with age
