Week 1: Quality, Safety, Infection Control, Activity

Question 1

Infectious agent

Answer 1

Bacteria, viruses, fungi

Question 2

Reservoir

Answer 2

Natural habitat of the organism

Question 3

Portal of exit

Answer 3

Point of escape for the organism

Question 4

Means of transmission

Answer 4

Direct contact, indirect contact, airborne route

Question 5

Portal of entry

Answer 5

Point at which organisms enter a new host

Question 6

Susceptible host

Answer 6

Must overcome resistance mounted by host’s defenses

Question 7

Virulence

Answer 7

Ability to cause disease

Question 8

Incubation period

Answer 8

Organisms growing and multiplying

Question 9

Prodromal stage

Answer 9

Vague and nonspecific signs of disease

Question 10

Full stage of illness

Answer 10

Presence of specific signs and symptoms of disease

Question 11

Convalescent period

Answer 11

Recovery from the infection

Question 12

Cardinal signs of acute infection (5)

Answer 12

Redness, heat, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 13

Laboratory data indicating infection (4)

Answer 13

1. Elevated white blood cell count—normal is 5,000 to 10,000/mm3
2. Increase in specific types of white blood cells (Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils)
3. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate
4. Presence of pathogen in urine, blood, sputum, or draining cultures

Question 14

9 components of standard precautions

Answer 14

1. Follow hand hygiene techniques
2. Use PPE when risk of body fluid exposure
3. Use and dispose of sharps safely
4. Perform routine environmental cleaning
5. Clean and reprocess shared patient equipment
6. Follow respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette
7. Use aseptic technique
8. Handle and dispose of waste and used linen safely
9. Review room assignments carefully to avoid cross-contamination

Question 15

Four categories responsible for majority of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs)

Answer 15

1. Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
2. Surgical site infection (SSI)
3. Central-line associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI)
4. Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

Question 16

Contact precautions: Infections, PPE, additional precautions (4)

Answer 16

Infections: MRSA, C. diff
PPE:
- Gloves
- Gown
- Mask/eyewear if splashing of contaminated fluid is likely
Additional precautions:
- Use a private room when possible
- Wash hands with antimicrobial soap or waterless antiseptic agent
- Limit movement of patient outside of room
- Avoid sharing patient-care equipment

Question 17

Droplet precautions: Infections, PPE, additional precautions (4)

Answer 17

Infections: Rubella, mumps, diphtheria, adenovirus
PPE:
- Gloves
- Mask/face protection
Additional precautions:
- Use a private room when possible
- Put a mask on the patient when in contact with others
- Transport patient out of room only when necessary and place surgical mask on patient if possible
- Keep visitors 3 feet from infected patient

Question 18

Airborne precautions: Infections, PPE, additional precautions (2)

Answer 18

Infections: TB, varicella, rubeola, SARS
PPE:
- Mask or respirator
- Gloves
- Gown
Additional precautions:
- Patient must be in a private room with monitored negative air pressure, 6-12 air changes/hour, and appropriate discharge of filtered air
- Transport patient out of room only when necessary, place surgical mask on patient if possible

Question 19

Rules of sterile technique (6)

Answer 19

1. Keep above waist
2. One inch border from edge of drape
3. Only sterile can touch sterile
4. Wet = contamination
5. Don’t turn your back on your sterile field
6. Don’t reach over sterile field

Question 20

Protective positioning: Fowler’s (normal, high, low)

Answer 20

All: Supine position with support to head and arms, use of footboard
Normal: 45-60 degrees
High: 90 degrees
Low: 30 degrees

Question 21

Protective positioning: Protective supine

Answer 21

0 degree supine position with support to head, arms, and legs, use of footboard

Question 22

Protective positioning: Protective side-lying (lateral)

Answer 22

Lateral position with support to head, torso, and between legs

Question 23

Protective positioning: Protective sims

Answer 23

Prone position with support to head, arms, and legs. One leg is angled

Question 24

Protective positioning: Protective prone

Answer 24

Prone position with support to head, torso, and legs. Legs are together

Question 25

Freely Movable Joints (6)

Answer 25

Ball and socket, Condyloid, Gliding, Hinge, Pivot, Saddle

Question 26

Types of Exercise (3)

Answer 26

Isotonic (active movement), Isometric (static contraction), Isokinetic (resistance exercise)

Question 27

Effects of Immobility on Cardiovascular System (3)

Answer 27

Venous stasis, Edema, Orthostatic hypotension

Question 28

Effects of Immobility on Respiratory System (4)

Answer 28

Decreased ventilation, Pooling secretions, Atelectasis, Pneumonia

Question 29

Common Diseases Affecting Joint Mobility (4)

Answer 29

Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis, Ankylosing spondylitis, Gout

Question 30

Abduction

Answer 30

Lateral movement away from midline Ex. moving arm away from trunk

Question 31

Adduction

Answer 31

Lateral movement toward midline Ex. moving arm towards trunk

Question 32

Circumduction

Answer 32

Turning in a circular motion Ex. tennis serve

Question 33

Flexion

Answer 33

State of being bent

Question 34

Extension

Answer 34

State of being in a straight line

Question 35

Hyperextension

Answer 35

State of exaggerated extension

Question 36

Dorsiflexion

Answer 36

Backward bending of the hand or foot

Question 37

Plantar flexion

Answer 37

Flexion of the foot

Question 38

Rotation

Answer 38

Turning on an axis

Question 39

Internal rotation

Answer 39

Tuning on an axis toward the midline of the body

Question 40

External rotation

Answer 40

Turning on an axis away from the midline of the body