Week 1:Regional and Systemic Anatomy

Question 1

Structural Units?

Answer 1

Cells>Tissues>Organs>Systems

Question 2

Names of Systems?

Answer 2

• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Reproductive
• Urinary
• Digestive
• Integumentary
• Immune & Lymphatic
• Endocrine
• C.R.R.U.D.I.I.E

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

Superior

Answer 5

Structure above another/higher

Question 6

Inferior

Question 7

Anterior

Answer 7

The front of the body

Question 8

Posterior

Answer 8

The back of the body

Question 9

Dorsal

Answer 9

Towards the back

Question 10

Ventral

Answer 10

Towards the belly

Question 11

Medial

Answer 11

Towards the midline of the body

Question 12

Proximal

Answer 12

Used for limbs - closer to the point of attachment

Question 13

Distal

Answer 13

Used for limbs - Farther from the point of attachment

Question 14

Superficial

Answer 14

Toward or on the surface

Question 15

Deep

Answer 15

Away from the surface, internal

Question 16

Caudal

Answer 16

Closer to the tail

Question 17

Cranial

Answer 17

Closer to the cranium/head

Question 18

Flexion

Answer 18

A bending movement where the relative angle between two adjacent segments decreases

Question 19

Extension

Answer 19

A straightening movement where the relative angle between two adjacent segments increases as the joint returns to zero or the anatomical postiion

Question 20

Types of muscle contractions

Answer 20

• Concentric: Muscle shortens
• Eccentric: Muscle lengthens
• Isometric: Muscle doesn’t change

Question 21

Abduction

Answer 21

is a movement away from the midline of the body

Question 22

Adduction

Answer 22

is the returning movement toward the midline of the body

Question 23

Medial rotation(internal)

Answer 23

a turning movement towards the midline of the body from anatomical position

Question 24

Lateral

Answer 24

a turning movement away from the midline of the body from anatomical position

Question 25

Skeletal system can be divided into two functional parts

Answer 25

• Axial skeleton: head(cranium,skull), neck(hyoid, cervical veterbrae) and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae, sacrum)
• Appendicular skeleton: limbs, pectoral and pelvic girdles

Question 26

Cartilage

Answer 26

is a resilient, semirigid form of connective tissue that forms part of the skeleton where more flexibility is required. It’s avascular; obtains oxygen and nutrients by diffusion

Question 27

Bone

Answer 27

highly specialised, hard form of connective tissue. They provide

• support for the body and its vital cavaties
• protection for vital structures
• the mechanical basis for movement
• storage for salts (e.g. Ca)
• a continuous supply of new blood cell

Question 28

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Question 30

Answer 30

Question 31

Answer 31

Question 32

Answer 32

Question 33

Answer 33

Question 34

Features of

1. Long bone:
2. Short bone:
3. Flat bone:
4. Irregular
5. Sesamoid bone:

Answer 34

1. Tubular
2. Cuboidal and only found in tarsus(ankle) and carpus(wrist)
3. Usually serve protective functions (Cranium)
4. Various shapes other than long, short or flat
5. Develops in certain tendons and found where they cross the end of long bones in the limbs; they protecc the tendons from excessive wear and change the angle of tendons as they pass to their attachments

Question 35

Secondary cartilaginous joint(amphiarthrosis)

Answer 35

(Symphyses); strong, slightly moveable joints united by fibrocartillage. The fibrocartillage intervertebral discs between vertebrae consist of binding connective tissue that joins the verterbrae together. They provide strength and shock absoroption and flexibilty to the spine

Question 36

Synovial joint(diarthrosis)

Answer 36

Most common. Provides free movement between the bones they join; joints of locomotion. Usually reinforced by acessory lingaments that are either seperate(extrinsic) or are a thickening of a portion of the joint capsule(intrinsic)

Question 37

Prime mover

Answer 37

Main muscle responsible for producing a specific movement by contracting concentrically, doing most of the work required

Question 38

Fixator

Answer 38

Steadies the proximal parts of a limb through isometric contraction while movements are occuring in distal parts

Question 39

Syngergist

Answer 39

Complements the action of the prime mover

Question 40

Antagonist

Answer 40

A muscle that opposes the action of another muscle

Question 41

What does a single motor unit consists of and its functions?

Answer 41

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers innervated by it. When a motor neuron in the spinal chord is stimulated, it initiates an impulse that causes all the muscle fibers supplied by that motor unit to contract simultaneously.

Question 42

Answer 42

Question 43

Answer 43

Question 44

Types of joints

Answer 44

• Saddle:2
• Condyloid:2
• Hinge: 1
• Pivot: 1
• Plane:1
• Ball and socket:3

Question 45

Answer 45

Question 46

Shunt

Answer 46

Muscles that resist dislocating forces at joint

Question 47

What are neurons

Answer 47

Structural and functional units of the nervous system: fast communication. Cell bodies, grey matter. Axons/tracts: white matter

Question 48

Answer 48

Card Actions

Question 49

Answer 49

Question 50

Afferent(sensory)

Answer 50

Convey neural impulses to the CNS from the sensory receptors various parts of the body. They form the posterior(dorsal) nerve root of the spinal nerve

Question 51

Efferent(motor) fibers

Answer 51

Convey neural impulses from CNS to effector organs. They form the anterior(ventral) nerve root of the spinal nerve

Question 70

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