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(Emily) semester 2 > week 1 respiratory physiology 1-2 > Flashcards

week 1 respiratory physiology 1-2 Flashcards

(104 cards)

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1
Q

what’s the teaching/learning mantra for medical professionals?

A

see one, do one, teach one

(Monkey see, monkey do.)
‘Those that know, do. Those that understand, teach.’ ~ Aristotle

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2
Q

.

A

.

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3
Q

What’s behaviourist learning theory and give relevant example

A

Where the learning is measured by observable behaviour, reinforcement is essential, teacher manipulates environment to illicit correct response

clinical skills, simulation, resucitation

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4
Q

What’s social learning theory

A

teacher role models in a safe to fail environment

(learning embedded within interactions and observations of others in a social context)

observation, imitation, rehearsal, role modelling

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5
Q

What’s the SET GO feedback model?

A

what I saw
what else did you see
what did you think
what goal would you like to achieve
any offers on how we should get there

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6
Q

what are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange
acid base balance- regulation of body pH
protection from infection
communication via speech

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7
Q

tissues transform fuel stored as what type of energy to what type of energy

this depends on the integration of what

A

chemical ( in food and oxygen) to physical

CVS and respiratory (to deliver fuel to active cells within the tissues, and remove waste products)

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8
Q

what process/action/exchange links the resp. and cv. system

A

gas exchange

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9
Q

3 (4) steps of gas exchange?

A

exchange 1: between atmosphere and lung
exchange 2: between lung and blood

transport of gases in the blood

exchange 3: between blood and cells

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10
Q

definition of cellular/internal respiration

A

biochemical process that releases energy from glucose either via Glycolysis or Oxidative Phosphorylation. Latter requires oxygen and depends on external respiration

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11
Q

definition of external respiration

A

External Respiration – movement of gases between the air and the body’s cells, via both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

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12
Q

connection between cellular vs external respiration

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation requires oxygen and depends on external respiration

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13
Q

the third gas exchange, between blood and cells, is what happening?

A

cellular respiration

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14
Q

the body tolerates short-term changes to C02 levels

A

no.
in the plasma it’s just as important if not more important to maintain optimal C02 levels

even tiny changes in the plasma can kickstart homeostatic responses, as it’s toxic

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15
Q

gas exchange at lungs and tissue is almost like what type of gradient?

(at this stage of your learning)

A

concentration gradient

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16
Q

gas exchanges occur from atmosphere to cells how

A

to lung to blood then transported then to cells

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17
Q

function of pulmonary circulation

A

It delivers CO2 (to the lungs) and collects O2 (from the lungs)

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18
Q

function of systemic circulation

A

the systemic circulation delivers O2 to peripheral tissues and collects CO2.

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19
Q

pulmonary artery carries ox or deox

A

deox

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20
Q

pulmonary vein carries ox or deox

A

ox

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21
Q

vein = to heart or away from heart

A

to heart

remember Artery = Away

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22
Q

why does pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood, considering I know for sure that vein should carry blood TO the heart

A

With the exception of pulmonary blood vessels, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood

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23
Q

what rule prevents gas build-up in the lungs

A

net volume of gas exchanged in lungs per unit time = net volume exchanged in the tissues

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24
Q

why is it better to breathe through the nose than the mouth

A

cuz the nose can better warm and moisten the air

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25
if energy demand increases what increases, and this causes what
breathing rate increases, heart rate increases O2 acquisition increases, waste disposal sped up substrate/O2 delivery to muscle via blood sped up, waste removal via blood sped up
26
oxygen and CO2 exchange is at what two levels
At level of the lungs, and at level of peripheral tissues
27
the respiratory system is responsible for what in regards to blood
getting ox in, carb deox out (and subsequently out the body)
28
name the 7 key parts of the resp. system
nose pharynx epiglottis larynx trachea bronchus lung
29
purpose of nose
entry point. cilia and mucus trap particles warm and moisten the air
30
purpose of pharynx
just tunnel. shared with digestive system
31
purpose of epiglottis
flap of tissue over trachea to prevent food entering
32
purpose of larynx
voice box, vibrates
33
purpose of trachea
tunnel following on from pharynx. made from stiff rings of cartilage
34
35
purpose of bronchus
air moves here from trachea, to right and left bronchi, on way to lungs
36
purpose of lung
Main organ. Soft spongy texture due to thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them.
37
underneath what surface landmark does the trachea split into 2 bronchus
sternal angle
38
the right vs left bronchus splits how many times
right = 3 times into secondary bronchi left = 2 lobes / secondary bronchi
39
the tertiary bronchi splits how many times into alveoli
24 in total, but after the trachea splits into 2 bronchi ( one to each lung) each bronchi splits 22 more times, finally terminating into a cluster of alveoli
40
patency of trachea maintained by what
c shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea
41
where's the bronchiole
between the bronchus and the alveoli
42
is there cartilage on the bronchiole
no, only bronchus
43
how is patency maintained for the bronchiole if there is no cartilage
by physical force of the thorax
44
where is the heart in relation to the lungs
Your heart is located between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone (sternum)
45
how does the width and angle of the right bronchi compare to the left bronchi and why is this important
r bronchi straighter and larger, so foreign bodies more likely trapped here
46
components of conducting zone vs the respiratory zone
larynx to secondary bronchus bronchiole to alveoli
47
does less resistance to airflow occur in the upper or lower airway and why
lower well greater distribution of air molecules in alveoli vs more air molecules funnelled in upper respiratory system
48
resistance to airflow can be altered by what
activity of the bronchial smooth muscle
49
inappropriate action of what muscle can lead to what, which occurs in what condition
bronchial smooth muscle more resistance to airflow asthma
50
Air in the conducting zone sits in what space
dead
51
contraction of bronchial smooth muscle decreases or increases diameter
decreases diameter therefore increasing resistance
52
each cluster of alveoli is surounded by what
elastic fibres and a network of capillaries
53
composition of alveoli
composed of type 1 cells and type 2 cells. alveolar macrophages are present between, as are endothelial cells of capillary
54
purpose of type 1 vs 2 cells in alveoli
type 1 for gas exchange type 2 synthesizes surfactant macrophages ingest foreign material that reaches alveoli
55
gas exchange between lungs and the blood is only possible where
at the alveoli due to their very thin surface
56
why doesn't gas exchange occur in conducting zone
walls of upper airways too thick Remember gas exchange only occurs at level of the lungs, and at level of peripheral tissues
57
where's the anatomical dead space
space of upper airway, cannot participate in gas exchange
58
the surface area of the alveoli is small but very thick
no enormous 80m^2, but extremely thin
59
residual volume
left to stop lung from collapsing, 1200ml
60
expiratory reserve volume
extra air could be expired with max effort
61
tidal volume
normal volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath. usually 500ml
62
inspiratory reserve volume
extra air to be inspired with max effort, 3000ml
63
total lung capacity
about 6 litres, or 5800ml
64
total lung capacity is the sum of what
TLC: Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV
65
vital capacity definition
Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume.
66
IC - Inspiratory Capacity =
IC - Inspiratory Capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
67
FRC - Functional Residual Capacity =
FRC - Functional Residual Capacity = expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.
68
is the larynx part of the upper or lower
upper
69
is the trachea part of the upper or lower
lower, alongside the bronchi and lungs
70
what is the lower respiratory system enclosed by
the thorax and bounded by the ribs, spine and diaphragm
71
true or false, the two pleural cavities are completely distinct from each-other
yes
72
how might you describe what the pleural cavity is physically like in layman's terms
barely a real space, it's kinda like a balloon, filled with a little fluid, surrounding the lungs
73
the lungs are divided into how many lobes
5, r 3, left 2 superior, middle, and inferior
74
each lung is enclosed by what
two pleural membranes
75
in the chest, the oesophagus and aorta pass through where
the thorax between the pleural sacs
76
pleural cavity vs pericardial cavity
pericardial houses heart. only pleural cavity is enclosed by the pleural membrane
77
which is more superior, the parietal cavity or the visceral cavity
parietal
78
the parietal cavity and the visceral cavity are distinct from each other, t or f
f they're continual to each-other
79
where is the visceral pleura located
closest to the viscera
80
describe the anatomy of the pleural sac
lungs and interior of thorax < visceral pleura < pleural cavity with interpleural fluid < pleural sac < parietal pleura < thoracic wall
81
what does the parietal pleural membrane line
inner surface of the ribs
82
what does the visceral pleural membrane line
outer surface of the lungs
83
how are lungs stuck to ribcage
through the relationship of the pleural membranes therefore as the lungs are effectively stuck to the rib cage and diaphragm, they will follow the movements of these bones and muscles as the chest wall expands during inspiration
84
HOW is the visceral pleura stuck to surface of the lungs
via the cohesive forces of the pleural fluid
85
chest wall leads to what during what, in contrast what leads to recoil of the chest wall
expansion, during inspiration vs elastic connective tissue in lung, leads to recoil, in unforced expiration
86
why is expiration unforced
87
a) In emphysema there is destruction of what within the lung because of smoking related what
In emphysema there is destruction of elastic tissue within the lung because of smoking related elastase activation.
88
what's lung compliance
Lung compliance, or pulmonary compliance, is a measure of the lung's ability to stretch and expand.
89
in clinical practice lung compliance is separated into what two different measurements
static compliance and dynamic compliance.
90
pneumonia = increased or decreased lung compliance?
decreased
91
emphysema = increased or decreased lung compliance?
increased
92
transpulmonary pressure
= pressure across alveolar wall, i.e. pressure difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure
93
if transpulmonary pressure increases, do lungs expand or not?
yes expand
94
volume increases. therefore transpulmonary pressure must be
increasing also
95
higher compliance = easier or less easy to expand the lungs
easier
96
what is the function of the pleural membrane
'stick' the lungs to the rib cage
97
how is the visceral pleura 'stuck' to the parietal pleura?
via the cohesive forces of the pleural fluid
98
the parietal pleura is 'stuck' to what
the rib cage and diaphragm
99
really basically, how do the lungs move during inspiration
lungs are effectively stuck to the rib cage and diaphragm and will follow the movements of these bones and muscles as the chest wall expands during inspiration
100
how do the lungs move during expiration
elastic connective tissue in the lung leads to recoil of the chest wall in (unforced) expiration
101
Where’s the intrapleural space
In between the pleural membranes
102
Elastic recoil of the lung creates a pull: in or out?
In. Chest would be the opposite
103
What volume for relaxed breathing at rest
Tidal
104
When might the spare capacity of the lung be used
During periods of greater energy demand e.g. exercise

(Emily) semester 2 (7 decks)

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