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intro psych - yale courseera > week 1 - skinner > Flashcards

week 1 - skinner Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first main claim of behaviorism?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

emphasis on learning:

-strong rejection of innate ideas/traits -> everything you know/are is the result of your experience

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2
Q

what is the second main claim of behaviorism?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

anti-mentalism:

  • stay away from ‘unscientific’: desires, wishes, goals, beliefs, emotions
  • stick to things we can observe: stimulus, responses, environment, etc.
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3
Q

what is the third main claim of behaviorism?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • there are no interesting differences across species

- these learning mechanisms will work for any stimulus and any response

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4
Q

what is habituation?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

-declining tendency to respond to stimuli that are familiar due to repeated exposure -> we get used to things, react less strongly when we experience over and over again

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5
Q

what is the role of habituation in learning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

-extremely important learning mechanism

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6
Q

what are the components of classical conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • neutral stimulus (will become conditioned stimulus)
  • unconditioned stimulus
  • unconditioned response
  • conditioned stimulus
  • conditioned response
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7
Q

what is an “unconditioned stimulus” in the context of classical conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

natural/innate trigger for a response

e.g.: food in Pavlov’s dogs

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8
Q

what is an “unconditioned response” in the context of classical conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

natural response to an unconditioned stimulus

e.g.: salivating in reaction to food

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9
Q

what is a “conditioned stimulus” in the context of classical conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

neutral stimulus that has been paired with unconditioned stimulus, now produces response without unconditioned stimulus

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10
Q

what is a “conditioned response” in the context of classical conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

original unconditioned response now provoked by formerly neutral stimulus

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11
Q

what is the distinction between reinforced and unreinforced trials?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

reinforced trials: when the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are brought together - increases the connection
unreinforced trials: conditioned stimulus happens without the unconditioned stimulus, decreases the connection of learning

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12
Q

what is the best way to pair up the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus in order to ensure the best learning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

conditioned stimulus should come immediately before the unconditioned stimulus - preparation for the unconditioned stimulus

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13
Q

what is instrumental conditioning? (aka operant conditioning)

[week 1 - skinner]

A

learning the relationship between actions and rewards and punishment - learning what works and what doesn’t

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14
Q

what is the role of instrumental conditioning in learning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

-if an action brings a reward, that action becomes stamped into the mind -> behavior changes because of its consequences

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15
Q

what is the “Law of Effect”?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

the tendency to perform an action is increased if rewarded, weakened if not - leads animals gradually to come to the correct behavior in certain situations

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16
Q

what is the partial reinforcement effect?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

response is only reinforced part of the time - learned behaviors are acquired more slowly, but response is more resistant to extinction

17
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

giving the subject something it wants

18
Q

what is negative reinforcement?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

releasing the subject from something aversive

19
Q

what is punishment?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

a way to decrease an animal’s likelihood of doing a behavior in the future

20
Q

how can instrumental and classical conditioning be combined?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • use classical conditioning to make something rewarding

- use operant conditioning to use that reward

21
Q

what is an example of how instrumental and classical conditioning can be combined?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • pair dog treat with pat on the head -> classical conditioning to make pat on the head rewarding
  • use pat on the head to reinforce a desired learned behavior
22
Q

what are the different schedules of reinforcement?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • fixed vs. variable

- ratio vs. interval

23
Q

what is the distinction between fixed and variable reinforcement schedules?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • fixed: exactly every Nth time interval (e.g. every hour), or exactly every Nth response
  • variable: on avg every Nth time interval, or on average every Nth response
24
Q

what is the distinction between interval and ratio reinforcement schedules?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • interval: reward every Nth time period

- ratio: reward every Nth response

25
Q

what are the main challenges to behaviorism?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • a lot of evidence for unlearned knowledge
  • different animals have different learning mechanisms
  • all sciences talk about unobservables (e.g. genes before we knew what they looked like, string theory)
  • animals get better at learning/understanding things even without reinforcement and punishment
26
Q

what is the concept of latent learning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

learning without any sort of feedback

27
Q

why is the concept of latent learning a problem for behaviorism?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

reinforcement is not always plausible - e.g. understanding spacial arrangement of house without any sort of reinforcement

28
Q

what are Noam Chomsky’s primary criticisms of behaviorism?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • notions are either wrong or so vague as to be unfalsifiable and uninteresting
  • e.g.: talking to yourself, creating art - these things are not reinforcing, except in themselves - too abstract, no explanatory power - “we like it because we like it”
29
Q

how would behaviorists describe classical conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

learning of an association between one stimulus and another stimulus
(Pavlov’s dogs)

30
Q

what is a neutral stimulus in the context of classical conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A

-evokes no response

31
Q

how does classical conditioning work?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • take unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response
  • pair up neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus
  • with repetition, neutral stimulus will become conditioned stimulus and give rise to conditioned response
32
Q

what is a difference between classical and operant conditioning?

[week 1 - skinner]

A
  • classical conditioning is passive - sit there and observe how stimuli interact, respond to them, learn as a result of co-occurrence of things
  • operant conditioning is based on your actions - you interact with the world, then based on the way the world treats your actions, future actions are shaped

intro psych - yale courseera (14 decks)

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