Week 10

Question 1

what is meant by cardiopulmonary function?

Answer 1

Study of heart of lungs

Question 2

what is the blood and what is their purpose?

Answer 2

A mixture of cellular and acellular fractions that transport nutrients
(e.g. Oxygen, glucose, vitamins, minerals, proteins, lipids) to cells and
remove waste products

cellular fraction are different types of cells
and acellur fraction are sugars fat, ions etc

to transport oxygen and CO2 away

Question 3

what is the function of Red blood cell RBC

Answer 3

to carrying oxygen to cell and carrying CO2 away.

produced by bone marrow

Circulate for around 3 months and rejuvenate after being cleared by kidneys

Question 4

what is heamoglobin?

Answer 4

heam =iron based non protein
globin =protein subuints

Haemoglobin has a high
affinity for oxygen and a
lesser affinity for carbon
dioxide and nitric oxide

Question 5

what are white blood cells?

Answer 5

• cells of immune system
• produced by bone marrow
• there are many different types of white blood cells such as lymphocytess, natural killer cells etc. Their primary role is to deal with invaders which are threat to immune system i.e bacteria

Question 6

what are platelets?

Answer 6

type of cells
` produced by bone marrow
- coagulate blood in the event of a haemorrhage

Question 7

where is most of the blood in human body present

Answer 7

in veins and capillaries not in arteries

Question 8

where is heart located and what is heart surrounded by and what is its function

Answer 8

• The heart supplies blood to entire body within a min
• located centrally towards the chest

- The heart is surrounded by
the pericardium (provides mechanical protection for the heart and big vessels, and a lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures)

• A fibroserous (part of pericardium) membrane
  which surrounds the heart and great
  vessels as well. Allows slippage and movement of muscle friction free

Question 9

What is mayocardium?

Answer 9

• The muscle layer of the heart (causes contraction and ejects blood out of the heart)
• Comprises cardiomyocytes (Specialised muscle),
connective tissue and
capillaries
• it is important that
the electrical signals to the
heart are distributed in the right way and order (to get
regular pumping),

-cardiomyocytes have
intercalated discs that allows the
distribution of electrical signals via gap junction/channels

Question 10

what is Endocardium

Answer 10

Essentially the endothelium
of the heart.
• Involved in modulating
cardiomyocyte contractility,
hypertrophy, forms the
blood heart barrier.

Question 11

what is the anatomy of the heart

Answer 11

there are two part of the heart
Left and Right and has 4 chambers.
left and right both has 2 parts
-Atrium(blood enters the heart, at low pressure, modulate blood flow)
-Ventricle(squeeze the blood out)
all chambers are surrounded by cardiac muscle

Question 12

what is the purpose of valves

Answer 12

To prevent backflow of blood within the heart

Aids in channelling blood into the coronary vessels

Question 13

how does heart work?

Answer 13

signals from brain through different nodes which are supplied by nerves. (both sympathetic and parasympathetic).

When you get a shock your ventricles get maximally constricted, and heart beats increase, so that blood flows quickest throughout the body

--sympathetic (superior middle
and inferior cervical cardiac
nerves) driven by
Noradrenaline is acting on 
neurotransmitter and β1
receptors targets we have these receptors in our lungs as well.
– parasympathetic nerves 
• Vagus
• Ach is the neurotransmitter and
M2 receptor the target

Question 14

How does the deoxygenated blood flow in our heart

Answer 14

• Deoxygenated blood returns
to right atrium via vena cava
• Pumped into right ventricle
and into pulmonary artery
which leads to lung

-Pulmonary vein returns
oxygenated blood to the left
atrium and then to left
ventricle and out via aorta.