Week 10 Flashcards
Internal vs External Control
-> How much control do I have?
Innner
“I am the master of my environment; I can and should control my
environment by imposing my will upon it.”
“When I make plans, I’m almost ertain that I can make them work. Luck is not an mportant part of life.
Outer
“I am part of my environment; I am part of nature and must go along with its laws, directions and forces.”
“It is not always wise to plan too far ahead because many things turn out
to be a matter of good or bad fortune.
Internal vs External Control
diffrent countries
communist states / holistic / particularism
it’s all controlled from the outside, it’s not about the individual, about his opinion
Inner vs Outer
Inner Direction conceives of virtue as inside each of us, in our souls, convictions, and principles, in the triumph of conscious purpose.
Outer Direction conceives of virtue as outside each of us in natural rhythms, in the beauties and power of nature, in aesthetic environments and relationships.
Inner Directedness
at its best…
- Looks for that **“big idea” **(Alexander the Great at Marathon, Thermopylae, Chaeronea, etc.) -> IPhone the vision, even if it was not the best phone
- Beckons one to become the “master of their fate, and captain of their soul” (William Earnest Henley, Invictus) -> I’am in control / responsible
- Builds our “own (stair)way to paradise” (Georges Guétary, in An American in Paris) -> I’m gona bild my own stairs to heaven, no one has to help me
- Let’s us do it “my way” (Frank Sinatra) -> you can’t change my vision / belives
- Puts private conscience at the helm of societal and political affairs (Martin Luther’s 99 Theses) -> sticks to conscience, I think this is the correct way for me
- Allows individuals to defy society and their environments for the sake of their own convictions (Albert Camus “I rebel, therefore we exist”)
Inner Directedness
when taken too far…
- Creates a compulsion to “succeed” by any means and at any cost.
- Encourages compensatory fantasies (to be z.B., like our favorite nature-defying superhero/ine). -> creates compensatory fantasies
- Validates man’s attempt to dominate and control nature. -> multiplies and depletes the earth
- Can lead to **self-blame **or **self-flagellation **as a consequence of perceived guilt.
- Overemphasis on self-protection via weapons -> I must protect myself
- The self-directed belief that Icarus could control his environment led to his demise.
- When both parties believe they are right, and their convictions should be imposed on others then stubbornness becomes a virtue
Outer Directedness
at its best…
Communist countries, we have to work together
- Utilizes the momentum of your opponent against them (ex. Judo, Aikido, Kendo, etc.).
- Designs environments in harmony with nature
- Teaches survival disciplines that become reactive habits and disciplines, minimizing and deflecting violence.
- Emulates the beauty, strength, force, speed, and majesty of nature. (ex. Shinto or Zen Buddhism). -> inspiration from nature
- Is quick to catch on to foreign technologies and elaborate, improve, refine, and customize more effectively to become “Tiger economies”.
- Allows everyone to get on the same wavelength and “sing along” to the same song.
Outer Directedness
when taken too far
- Can become pathological; East Asian attitudes toward death, may represent an ethos of self-sacrifice to external authorities; there is “honor” and “nobility” in disembowelment and ritual sacrifice.
- Worships the “Divine Wind” to emulate the destructive power of typhoons; as angry as a volcano, as cold as a mountaintop.
- Can lead to fatalism and the notion that whatever happens must be the will of the gods or God.
- Discomfort, humiliation, and ridicule of contestants is grist for the humor mill of the audience.
- Can produce an artificiality, an overcontrolled “naturalness” that is untrue to nature.
- Leads to an** environment where, in the extreme**, collective misery is the new status quo and nothing can be done to change the circumstances
The Concept of Face
“Deeply rooted in the Chinese concept of face are conceptualizations of a competent person in Chinese society: one who defines and puts self in relation to others and who cultivates morality so that his or her conduct will not lose others’ face. This contrasts with the American cultural definition of a person who is expected to be independent, self- reliant, and successful. The end result is that a Chinese person is expected to be relationally or communally conscious whereas an American person is expected to be self-conscious.
-> in philipono you or I depend on the situation -> hierarchy, gender
On Chinese
Consumer Behavior
“…It is social rather than personal in nature. Where pride is personal, face is public. It is the desire to not appear weak or look bad in the eyes of others. It is not necessarily about how an individual is, but how he is viewed by others…”
-> do we buy luxury products for us or for on them
Orient -> buy a lot things, that other do not see
Inner vs outer
guilt vs shame
Guilt (Switzerland)
* In Switzerland if you cheat you feel guilty
Shame
* In the Philippines -> no legal divorce, no sex until marriage, get married early
* Husbands and wifes has lovers -> you do what you want do, if any of my friends know that, that is a problem
Management
Dichotomies
Listener: Japan listen more if they are higher in the hierarchy
In Management
Inner vs Outer
Inner Directed
- Get agreement on and ownership of clear objectives.
- Make sure that tangible goals are clearly linked to tangible rewards.
- Discuss disagreements and conflicts openly; these show that everyone is determined.
- Management-by-objectives works if everyone is genuinely committed to directing themselves towards shared objectives and if these persist.
Outer directed
- Achieve congruence among various people’s goals.
- Try to reinforce the current directions and facilitate the work of employees.
- Give people time and opportunities to work quietly through conflicts; these are distressing.
- Management-by-environments works if everyone is genuinely committed to adapting themselves to fit external demands as these shift.
Tips for doing
business with…
Inner vs Outer
Inner (for Outer) Directed
- Playing “hard ball” is legitimate to test the resilience of an opponent.
- It is most important to “win your objective”.
- Win some, lose some.
Outer (for Inner) Directed
- Softness, persistence, politeness
and long, long patience will get
rewards.
- It is most important to “maintain
your relationship”.
- Win together, lose apart.
Internal vs. External
Directedness
Internal
* Internal “push”
* Focus on self and in control
* Discomfort with being “out of control”
* Dominance and aggressiveness
* Preventative maintenance
* Planning and control
* “Stick to the plan”
External
* External “pull”
* Focus on others and anticipate
* Comfortable with ambiguity
* Respond to the environment
* Trouble shooting
* Options and scenarios
* “Go with the flow”
Sequential vs.
Synchronous Time
Time is exact; Sequenital
* Punctuality is important;
* Deadlines are strictly enforced;
* The present moment counts.”
* Time as a commodity
* Used to bring order, and set limits
* People do one thing at a time
* Time is limited; Time is a resource that needs to be efficiently used
* Logic, efficiency and speed are the focus of business
Time is relative / synchronous
* “Time is relative; If you’re important, the world will wait for you; Deadlines are “flexible”
* Take the past and the future into account.”
* Time is a concept
* Times are guidelines/ intentions
* People do multiple things at a time
* Time is relative
* Time is cyclical. What has been will be again, in due time
Time Orientation:
The Importance of Past, Present, or Future
where is our orientation?
Management Dichotomies
A Framework for Cross-cultural Competence Development
Cultural knowledge:
unterstand a particular culutre
General knowledge:
alow you to move between cultures
Intercultureal Effectiveness
* Job performance & work adjustment
* Personal adjustment
* Interpersonal relationships
