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Health Assessment > Week 10 - Breasts and Genitalia > Flashcards

Week 10 - Breasts and Genitalia Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Axillary Tail of Spence

A

Axillary Process

Breast tissue projecting laterally and up into the axilla

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2
Q

Areola

A

Surrounds nipple for 1-2cm radius

Contain Montgomery’s glands (aka areolar glands)
Contain muscle fibres causing nipple erection when stimulated

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3
Q

Montgomery’s glands

A

Areolar Glands

Small, sebaceous glands
Secrete protective lipid material during lactation

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4
Q

Location of the breasts

A

Between the 2nd and 6th ribs

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5
Q

Composition of the breast (4)

A
  • glandular tissue
  • fibrous tissue
  • suspensory ligaments
  • adipose tissue

The proportion of these tissues varies depending on age, cycle, pregnancy, lactation, and nutritional state

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6
Q

Breast Alveoli

A

Milk glands in the breast lobules

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7
Q

Lactiferous ducts

A

Milk collecting system from the lobes that converges (15-20 ducts) at the nipple

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8
Q

Cooper’s ligaments

A

Suspensory ligaments that attach the breast to the chest wall

Become contracted during breast cancer

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9
Q

Adipose tissue

A

Provide most of the bulk of the breast

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10
Q

Four (five) quadrants of the breast

A

Upper inner quadrant
Lower inner quadrant
Upper outer quadrant
Lower outer quadrant

Axillary process

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11
Q

4 Axillary Lymph Nodes

A

Central Axillary
Pectoral
Subscapular (posterior)
Lateral

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12
Q

Supernumerary nipple

A

Extra nipple

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13
Q

Tanner Staging of puberty

A

Five stages of breast development

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14
Q

Thelarche

A

Signals the beginning of puberty at 8-10 years of age

Beginning of breast development

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15
Q

Menarche

A

Beginning of menstruation

About 2 years after breasts

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16
Q

Colostrum

A

Thick, yellow fluid appears after 4th month of pregnancy

Precedes milk production

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17
Q

Gynecomastia

A

Temporary enlargement of male breast tissue in male adolescence

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18
Q

Andrenarche/Pubarche

A

Second development of puberty

Axillary and Pubic Hair Development

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19
Q

GnRH

A

(Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone)

Stimulates lutenizing hormone and folicular stimulating hormone in the pituirary gland

Produce testosterone in testicles and estrogen in the ovaries

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20
Q

Considerations fo Pregnancy (5)

A
  1. Change in breast and nipple size and shape
  2. Blue vascular pattern becomes visible
  3. Stretch marks
  4. Darker, more erect nipples
  5. Expression of colostrum (4th month)
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21
Q

Age-related breast changes (5)

A

Decrease in ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone

  1. Glandular tissue atrophies, replaced with fibrous connective tissues
  2. Fat atrophies
  3. Reduced breast size and elasticity
  4. Masses/lumps may become palpable
  5. Lactiferous ducts more palpable (firm and stringy from fibrosis)
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22
Q

Age-related breast changes (5)

A

Decrease in ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone

  1. Glandular tissue atrophies, replaced with fibrous connective tissues
  2. Fat atrophies
  3. Reduced breast size, density and elasticity
  4. Masses/lumps may become palpable
  5. Lactiferous ducts more palpable (firm and stringy from fibrosis)
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23
Q

Male breasts

Study These Flashcards
A

Rudimentary
Small nipples, large areola
Milk ducts and mammary tissues
Oxytocin and prolactin

24
Q

Approach for breast inspection

Study These Flashcards
A

LACE

Look
Arm positions
Check lymph nodes
Examine breast tissue

25
"Look" | In the LACE breast exam
1. Symmetry/contour/size/shape 2. Skin changes: mass fixation, dimpling, depressions, skin colour, swelling, venous patterns, edema 3. Nipple changes: size/shape, inversion (new or hx) 4. Discharge: scaling, ulceration, bleeding, discharge
26
"Arm positions" | In the LACE breast exam
1. Raised 2. Akimbo 3. Lean forward *helps contract underlying pectoralis muscle
27
"Check the lymph nodes" | In the LACE breast exam
Check for: Inflammation/swelling of lymph nodes Check in supraclavicular and axillary regions *Palpation
28
"Examine breast tissue" | In the LACE breast exam
*Palpation for: - Consistency - Elasticity - Tenderness - Thickening - Masses/lumps - Erythema Describe location, size, shape, consistency, movability of mass. Also describe the nipple.
29
Breast Cancer (signs)
``` Ages 30-80 Irregular star-shaped mass that is hard, dense, and fixed Usually painless Often nipple retraction Skin tethering Peau d'orange Constant growth ``` Right upper quadrant is most common
30
Paget's disease
Cancer of the areola
31
Non-modifiable risk factors for Breast Cancer (10)
- F - Age (50-69) - PHx or FHx - Dense breasts - BRCA - Ashkenazi Jews - previous breast biopsies with atypical hyperplasia - breast irradiation - menarche pre 11 or menopause after age 55 (high estrogen exposure) - tall adult height
32
Modifiable risk factors for Breast Cancer (7)
- nulliparity or first parity post age 30 - hormonal contraceptive use - postmenopausal hormone therapies - not breastfeeding - more than one alcoholic drink daily - obesity - high socioeconomic status
33
POSSIBLE risk factors for Breast Cancer (5)
- physical inactivity - adult weight gain - smoking and 2nd hand - high birth weight - night shift work
34
BREAST Mnemonic
For breast examination ``` B- Breast mass R- Retraction E- Edema (peau d'orange) A- Axillary mass S- Skin changes / scaly nipple T- Tender breasts ```
35
External male genitalia
- penis - glans - urethra - foreskin - scrotum - cremaster muscle
36
Internal male genitalia
- testis - spermatic cord - epididymus - vas deferens - prostate gland - seminal vesicles - vulval-urethra gland
37
Male lymphatic genitalia
- Scrotum drain into inguinal lymph nodes | - Testes drain into abdominal lymph nodes
38
Subjective assessment of male genitourinary system (11)
Hx: - urinary patterns, colour, frequency, control - kidney disease/stones - flank pain - UTIs - prostate concerns - penis pain, lesions, discharge - scrotum pain or swelling, change in size - sexual history and STIs - testicular self-exam - hernias - abuse
39
Describing testicular masses
- size, contour, nodularity - tenderness - location - transilluminance - do things change when supine
40
Palpation for hernia
- pt is standing - palpate external inguinal ring - palpate in femoral canal area
41
Male Genitourinary age considerations for infants
Testes descend along inguinal canal to scrotum before birth Uncircumcised vs. circumcised
42
Male Genitourinary age considerations for Older Adults
- decrease in pubic hair - penis size decreases - testes decrease in size, less firm - diminished sexual response
43
Risk factors for testicular cancer
age 15-49 undescended testicles family history Lu
44
Signs of testicular cancer
lumps or swelling | "heaviness" in abdomen or scrotum
45
Risk factors for prostate cancer
over 65 family history African ancestry high fat diet
46
Signs of prostate cancer
urinary symptoms | painful ejaculation
47
Objective assessment of male genitalia (5)
1. Inspect and palpate the penis 2. Inspect and palpate the scrotum 3. If a mass exists, transilluminate 4. Palpate for inguinal hernia 5. Palpate inguinal lymph nodes
48
Subjective assessment of female genitourinary system (10)
``` Obstetrical history Menstruation history Menopause Urinary symptoms Vaginal discharge GU history Sexual activity Contraceptive use STI contact STI risk reduction ```
49
Objective assessment of female genitalia
Inspect: skin colour, hair distribution pubic area for discoloration or irritation external anatomy for colour, lesions, masses, discharge perineum for colour, lesions, masses, scars
50
Skene's gland
periurethral glands
51
Bartholin's gland
greater vestibular gland
52
Female Genitourinary age considerations for infants
Engorgment of external genitalia
53
Female Genitourinary age considerations for pregnancy
- cervical softening (Goodell) - discoloration of cervix and vagina (Chadwick) - uterine softening (Hegar) - uterus increases in size and capacity
54
Female Genitourinary age considerations for older adults
- reduction in menses - uterus and cervix shrink - ovaries atrophy - ovulation becomes sporadic - pelvic musculature weakens - vagina shortens, narrows, skin thins
55
Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
- sex at an early age - multiple sexual partners - history of STIs - aging - immunocompromised - HPV - smoking - low socioeconomic status
56
Risk Factors for Ovarian Cancer
- age >50 - PHx of cancer - genetics (BRCA) - nulliparous

Health Assessment (8 decks)

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