Week 10 - Global Health Research Flashcards
(22 cards)
What are the 5 Values in International Research?
Collaboration with locals
Scientific Validity
Social Values
Informed consent
Balance of risks and benefits
What is Equipoise?
Condition under which it is unclear whether one treatment is better than the other
What are the two types of pharmaceutical trials?
Active control trial (ACT) & Placebo control trial (PCT)
What is an Placebo control trial (PCT)?
Control group uses a placebo determine whether treatment is better than no treatment at all
What is an Active control trial (ACT)?
Control group uses active substance to determine whether one treatment is better than the other
What is the Tuskeegee study?
Study on the effects of penicillin treatment for people with untreated syphilis, mostly done on black men with low SES
What are the AZT drug trials?
A placebo trial was used where the 076 regimen was shown to lower HIV mother-child transmission
Where was the AZT trial done?
South Africa using a placebo control to determine if a smaller dose would reduce maternal-child transmission
What is the first ethical issue of the AZT trials?
Participants are dealing with deep social disadvantages and multilayered injustices and researchers treated them as mere means
What is the second ethical issue of the AZT trials?
Trial was motivated by money, not improving health
What is Ethical relativism?
People have different moral claims based on country, culture, etc.
What were the researcher’s arguments for running the AZT trials?
Non-maleficence - researchers are not denying treatment and half would still receive treatment & did this trial for knowledge not to improve healthcare
Declaration of Helsinki
Ethical guidelines on what is acceptable for new interventions; Where no proven intervention exists, the use of placebo, or no intervention, is acceptable; or-
What is Health impact fund?
Firms agrees to sell drug at cost in exchange for payments according to its health impact
What are the benefits of the health impact fund?
-Removes bias for chronic treatment over cures
-Faster elimination of disease
-Rewards infrastructure, delivery improvement
-Removes costs of fighting patent infringement
What are the concerns to the health impact fund?
Requires extensive data on disease burdens, difficult to identify primary causes of death and disease
What are some Alternative funding mechanisms for pharmaceutical funding?
Global resource dividend > more public/government funding
What is London’s argument for global health research?
A duty of aid is owed equally to all; duties of rectification
What is the Human development approach?
High-income countries have a duty to aid people in low-income countries; align research with LIC needs
What is Justice as a mutual advantage?
Research collaborations are just as long as they are mutually beneficial, fully informed and non-coercive
What is the fair benefits framework?
the distribution of the benefits and risks from the trial must be fair; with collaborative partnership & transparency
What are the concerns to the fair benefits framework?
focused on researcher/participant benefits and ignores needs of the wider community
