Week 10 Intro to Haematology

Question 1

What is Haematology?

Answer 1

The study of blood

Blood is also used by other Biomedical Science disciplines.

Question 2

What are the formed elements of blood?

Answer 2

• White blood cells (leucocytes)
• Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
• Platelets (thrombocytes)

These elements are crucial for various functions including immune response and oxygen transport.

Question 3

What is Haemopoiesis?

Answer 3

The production of the formed elements of blood

Includes erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and monocytopoiesis.

Question 4

Where does Haemopoiesis occur in adults?

Answer 4

Bone marrow

Question 5

What is the lifespan of Red Blood Cells (RBCs)?

Answer 5

120 +/- 20 days

Question 6

What is the primary role of Platelets?

Answer 6

Prevention of blood loss

Question 7

What is the diameter range of Neutrophils?

Answer 7

9 - 15 µm

Question 8

What is Anisocytosis?

Answer 8

Change in size of RBCs

Question 9

What is Poikilocytosis?

Answer 9

Change in shape of RBCs

Question 10

What are Codocytes?

Answer 10

Target cells with increased surface area:volume ratio

Indicative of certain types of anemia.

Question 11

What is the term for increased RBC count?

Answer 11

Erythrocytosis

Question 12

What is the reference range for WBC count?

Answer 12

4.0 - 11.0 x 10^9/L

Question 13

What does a left shift in neutrophils indicate?

Answer 13

Presence of immature neutrophils

Question 14

What is the counting method used in manual cell counting?

Answer 14

Haemocytometer

Question 15

What are the two main principles of automated cell counting?

Answer 15

• Electrical impedance
• Light scatter

Question 16

What is the role of T-lymphocytes?

Answer 16

Cell-mediated immunity

Question 17

What does Toxic Granulation in WBCs indicate?

Answer 17

Increased size of granules

Question 18

What is the term for decreased WBC count?

Answer 18

Leucopaenia

Question 19

What does Rouleaux refer to?

Answer 19

Stacking of cells due to high protein concentration

Question 20

What is the meaning of Hypochromasia?

Answer 20

Cells stain paler in colour due to decreased Hb content

Question 21

What is the significance of Reticulocytes?

Answer 21

Immature RBCs newly released to circulation

Question 22

What does the term ‘Thrombocytopaenia’ refer to?

Answer 22

Decreased platelet count

Question 23

What is the diameter range of Monocytes?

Answer 23

14 - 20 µm

Question 24

What is the primary role of Eosinophils?

Answer 24

Defense against parasitic infections and dampening allergic responses

Question 25

What does the term 'Polychromasia' indicate?

Answer 25

Increased number of immature RBCs

Question 26

What is the difference between a left shift and a right shift in neutrophils?

Answer 26

* Left shift: immature neutrophils * Right shift: older neutrophils

Question 27

What is the primary function of Macrophages?

Answer 27

Removal of aged RBCs and other debris

Question 28

What is the term for increased platelet count?

Answer 28

Thrombocytosis

Question 29

What is the diameter of Platelets?

Answer 29

3 µm

Question 30

What is the role of B-lymphocytes?

Answer 30

Humoral immunity

Question 31

What does a high WCC indicate?

Answer 31

Leucocytosis

Question 32

What does the counting formula for cell counts include?

Answer 32

mean count x D x DF x 10^6

Question 33

What is the diameter of Red Blood Cells?

Answer 33

7.2 - 8.0 µm

Question 34

What are the normal shapes of RBCs?

Answer 34

Biconcave discs

Question 35

What is the total white blood cell count (WBC) in Example 1?

Answer 35

10.0 x 10^9/L ## Footnote This is the total count from the provided data.

Question 36

What is the relative count percentage of Neutrophils in Example 1?

Answer 36

65% ## Footnote This indicates the proportion of Neutrophils in the total WBC count.

Question 37

What is the absolute count of Lymphocytes in Example 1?

Answer 37

2.5 x 10^9/L ## Footnote This is calculated as 25% of the total WBC count.

Question 38

What does WCC stand for?

Answer 38

White Cell Count ## Footnote This is a measure of the number of white blood cells in the blood.

Question 39

What is the condition indicated in Example 2?

Answer 39

Leukocytosis with marked Lymphocytosis ## Footnote This indicates an elevated WBC count with a significant increase in Lymphocytes.

Question 40

What is the absolute count of Eosinophils in Example 2?

Answer 40

0.6 x 10^9/L ## Footnote This is one of the components of the total WBC count in Example 2.

Question 41

What is the term for a decrease in neutrophils?

Answer 41

Neutropenia ## Footnote This condition can lead to increased risk of infections.

Question 42

Where does Haemopoiesis occur?

Answer 42

Bone marrow and other tissues ## Footnote Haemopoiesis can occur in multiple sites, especially during development.

Question 43

What is the shape of a red blood cell (RBC)?

Answer 43

Biconcave disc ## Footnote This shape facilitates gas exchange and flexibility through blood vessels.

Question 44

List the five types of white blood cells (WBC) found in peripheral blood.

Answer 44

* Neutrophils * Lymphocytes * Monocytes * Eosinophils * Basophils ## Footnote These cells play various roles in the immune response.

Question 45

What is the term used to indicate variation in RBC size?

Answer 45

Anisocytosis ## Footnote This can be indicative of various hematological disorders.

Question 46

What is the general term that indicates variation in RBC shape?

Answer 46

Poikilocytosis ## Footnote This term is used in the assessment of blood smears.

Question 47

What is Polychromasia?

Answer 47

Variation in the color of RBCs indicating immature RBCs ## Footnote This may suggest a response to anemia or other conditions.

Question 48

What physiological processes do platelets have a role in?

Answer 48

Hemostasis and blood clotting ## Footnote Platelets are crucial for preventing excessive bleeding.

Question 49

What does the term 'Thrombocytopaenia' mean?

Answer 49

Decreased number of platelets ## Footnote This condition can lead to increased bleeding risk.

Question 50

What is the term for an increased number of Lymphocytes in the peripheral blood?

Answer 50

Lymphocytosis ## Footnote This can occur in various infections and lymphoproliferative disorders.

Question 51

What are the two principles that can be used in Automated Cell Counting machines?

Answer 51

* Electrical impedance * Optical light scatter ## Footnote These methods help in quantifying cell types in blood samples.

Question 52

What blood cells can be manually counted using a Haemocytometer?

Answer 52

* Red blood cells * White blood cells * Platelets ## Footnote A Haemocytometer is a specialized counting chamber for these cells.

Question 53

Can a counting chamber also be used to count anything else besides blood cells?

Answer 53

Yes ## Footnote It can also be used for counting other cells in various biological samples.

Question 54

What areas are used for a manual WCC in a counting chamber?

Answer 54

Specific defined areas marked for WBC counting ## Footnote These areas have a known volume for accurate counting.

Question 55

Why should WBC types always be reported as an Absolute Number?

Answer 55

To provide a clear indication of the actual number of cells present ## Footnote Relative numbers can be misleading depending on total WBC count.