Week 10 - Molecular Genetics Flashcards
(31 cards)
What discovery was highlighted in the 2024 Nobel Prize in Medicine?
A) DNA replication mechanisms
B) MicroRNA as a new level of regulating gene expression
C) CRISPR technology
D) Sanger sequencing advancements
Answer: B) MicroRNA as a new level of regulating gene expression
What organism was studied in space to confirm vertebrate embryonic development?
A) Mice
B) Zebrafish
C) Fruit flies
D) C. elegans
Answer: B) Zebrafish
What temperature is required to melt DNA strands during PCR?
A) 60°C
B) 72°C
C) 94°C
D) 37°C
Answer: C) 94°C
During the PCR process, what happens during the annealing step?
A) DNA strands are separated
B) Primers bind to the target DNA
C) DNA polymerase is activated
D) Nucleotides are added
Answer: B) Primers bind to the target DNA
What is the role of Taq polymerase in PCR?
A) It melts the DNA strands
B) It anneals the primers
C) It extends the DNA strands
D) It cuts the DNA
Answer: C) It extends the DNA strands
What is Sanger sequencing primarily used for?
A) Amplifying DNA
B) Measuring the length of DNA strands to determine sequences
C) Cloning genes
D) Transcribing RNA
Answer: B) Measuring the length of DNA strands to determine sequences
Which component is missing in dideoxynucleotides (ddNTPs) used in Sanger sequencing?
A) 2’ hydroxyl group
B) Phosphate group
C) Nitrogenous base
D) Sugar backbone
Answer: A) 2’ hydroxyl group
What stops the replication process during Sanger sequencing?
A) The absence of a promoter
B) Incorporation of dideoxynucleotides
C) The addition of excess primers
D) High temperature
Answer: B) Incorporation of dideoxynucleotides
What is a key difference between PCR and Sanger sequencing?
A) PCR amplifies DNA; Sanger sequencing does not
B) Sanger sequencing amplifies DNA; PCR does not
C) PCR requires more primers than Sanger sequencing
D) Sanger sequencing is faster than PCR
Answer: A) PCR amplifies DNA; Sanger sequencing does not
What is the primary model organism for molecular cloning?
A) Yeast
B) Mice
C) E. coli
D) Zebrafish
Answer: C) E. coli
Which plasmid is known for its ability to handle large DNA inserts?
A) pUC19
B) BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome)
C) YAC (Yeast Artificial Chromosome)
D) Ti-plasmid
Answer: B) BAC (Bacterial Artificial Chromosome)
What is the function of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in genetic engineering?
A) To cut DNA
B) To transform animal cells
C) To transfer recombinant DNA into plant cells
D) To replicate plasmids
Answer: C) To transfer recombinant DNA into plant cells
What is the purpose of a selectable marker in recombinant DNA technology?
A) To enhance transcription
B) To indicate successful transformation
C) To cut DNA
D) To amplify genes
Answer: B) To indicate successful transformation
What does the term “heterologous expression” refer to?
A) Expression of foreign genes in the same species
B) Expression of genes in a different organism
C) Expression of multiple genes simultaneously
D) Expression of non-coding RNA
Answer: B) Expression of genes in a different organism
What are somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) techniques used for?
A) To create transgenic plants
B) To clone animals
C) To amplify DNA
D) To sequence genes
Answer: B) To clone animals
What is the main challenge in cloning animals compared to plants?
A) Animals lack totipotent cells
B) Plants have fewer genes
C) Animals do not have plasmids
D) Plants cannot reproduce asexually
Answer: A) Animals lack totipotent cells
What was the first cloned mammal, and in what year was it successfully cloned?
A) Cow, 1996
B) Goat, 1997
C) Sheep, 1996
D) Pig, 1995
Answer: C) Sheep, 1996
What does CRISPR-Cas9 technology allow for?
A) Amplifying genes
B) Editing genes at specific locations
C) Cloning organisms
D) Sequencing DNA
Answer: B) Editing genes at specific locations
What is the function of microRNAs in gene regulation?
A) To enhance transcription
B) To inhibit translation of target mRNAs
C) To splice RNA
D) To replicate DNA
Answer: B) To inhibit translation of target mRNAs
What is a major advantage of using yeast as a host organism for molecular cloning?
A) It replicates faster than bacteria
B) It can process complex proteins
C) It has a simpler genome
D) It is less expensive
Answer: B) It can process complex proteins
What is the primary function of the Ti-plasmid in plants?
A) To enhance photosynthesis
B) To induce tumors
C) To store genetic information
D) To promote flowering
Answer: B) To induce tumors
What is the significance of the Lin-14 gene in C. elegans?
A) It enhances transcription
B) It inhibits translation of specific mRNAs
C) It regulates cell division
D) It promotes growth
Answer: B) It inhibits translation of specific mRNAs
Which type of RNA is involved in the regulation of gene expression through microRNA pathways?
A) mRNA
B) tRNA
C) rRNA
D) Non-coding RNA
Answer: D) Non-coding RNA
in vivo vs. in vitro?
- In vivo = in real life - keep everything at a cell life
- In vitro = glass/no life - isolated systems, almost chemistry
