Week 10 - Opioids

Question 1

What are opioids?

Answer 1

A large variety of drugs that play a major role in analgesia (ie. pain relief).

Question 2

What are naturally occurring opioids?

Answer 2

Morphine and codeine.

Question 3

How are these natural versions extracted?

Answer 3

They are extracted from plants.

Question 4

What is one of the primary prodrugs of codeine?

Answer 4

Morphine

Question 5

What are some of the semisynthetic versions of opioids?

Answer 5

Vitolin, Oxycodeine, ——

Question 6

From what are semisynthetic versions of opioids produced?

Answer 6

They are produced from naturally occurring opioids????

Question 7

What are some examples of fully synthetic versions of opioids?

Answer 7

fentanyl, heroin, ummmmm

Question 8

What is the source of the fully synthetic opioids?

Answer 8

it was another synthetic drug that was used as a source.

Question 9

What is more potent and why - fentanyl or morphine?

Answer 9

F is more potent and

Question 10

How are opioids generally administered?

Answer 10

The preferred route depends on the particular drug and the purpose of using the drug. Can be taken in through IV, orally, inhalation.

Question 11

Why heroin preferred over morphine for recreational purposes?

Answer 11

Heroin is able to pass through the BBB much more quickly (it is more lipid soluble).

Question 12

How are opioids generally metabolized?

Answer 12

In the liver, they are metabolized and many of the metabolites themselves act as opioids.

Question 13

What are the metabolites of morphine?

Answer 13

a

Question 14

What are the metabolites of codeine?

Answer 14

a

Question 15

What are the metabolites of heroin?

Answer 15

a

Question 16

What are the metabolites of acetylcodeine?

Answer 16

a

Question 17

What is the endogeneous opioid system?

Answer 17

The system involving neuropeptide transmitters and their receptors and site of actions????

Question 18

What are neuropeptide transmitters?

Answer 18

a

Question 19

What are propeptides and how do the neuropeptides form from these propeptides?

Answer 19

a

Question 20

What are the different propeptides?

Answer 20

a

Question 21

What are the endogenous opioid peptides (opiopeptins)?

Answer 21

a

Question 22

What are the different families of opiopeptins?

Answer 22

a

Question 23

What are the precursor and the peptides of the enkephalins?

Answer 23

a

Question 24

What are the precursor and the peptides of the endorphins?

Answer 24

a

Question 25

What are the precursor and the peptides of the dynorphins?

Answer 25

a

Question 26

What are the different opioid receptors?

Answer 26

a

Question 27

Where is an effect seen across all opioid receptors?

Answer 27

a

Question 28

What are the effects of mu receptors on systemic and peripheral sites of actions?

Answer 28

a

Question 29

What are the effects of kappa receptors on systemic and peripheral sites of actions?

Answer 29

a

Question 30

What are the effects of delta receptors on systemic and peripheral sites of actions?

Answer 30

a

Question 31

What receptors does B-endorphin act on?

Answer 31

a

Question 32

What receptors do Met-enkephalins and leu-enkephalins act on?

Answer 32

a

Question 33

What receptors does Dynorphin A and B act on?

Answer 33

a

Question 34

What receptors does Neoendorphines act on

Answer 34

a

Question 35

What receptors does Nociceptin act on?

Answer 35

a

Question 36

What is ORL-1 and how does it differ from other opioid receptors?

Answer 36

a

Question 37

What type of receptors are opioid receptors?

Answer 37

a

Question 38

What is the end result of opioid receptors being bound to by neuropeptides?

Answer 38

reduce neurotransmission??? reducing metabolic activity within cells

Question 39

What are some (possible) mechanisms that opioid receptors cause inhibitory action?

Answer 39

Inhibition of adenyl cyclase - a net decrease of adenyl cyclase in the post-synaptic neuron. Inwardly rectifying the K+ channel.

Question 40

What is the role of adenyl cyclase?

Answer 40

a

Question 41

What are GIRK? channels?

Answer 41

a

Question 42

Which regions of the CNS and PNS do most opioid receptors reside in?

Answer 42

a

Question 43

What is nociception?

Answer 43

a

Question 44

How does opioid action influence certain pathways around the brain?*****

Answer 44

a

Question 45

What are the two nociception pathways?

Answer 45

a

Question 46

What is the role of the Dorsal horn in nociception?

Answer 46

a

Question 47

Where do opioids inhibit the pain signal?

Answer 47

a

Question 48

What are the reinforcing and analgesic effects of opioids?

Answer 48

a

Question 49

When is glutamate released and when is substance P released when pain signals are initiated?

Answer 49

a

Question 50

How does adaption to opioids happen? Specifically, how is the inhibitory action of opioids countered?

Answer 50

a

Question 51

Which opioid receptor do most opioid drugs act on?

Answer 51

a

Question 52

What are pure opioid receptor agonists?

Answer 52

a

Question 53

What are partial opioid receptor agonists?

Answer 53

a

Question 54

What are pure opioid receptor antagonists?

Answer 54

a

Question 55

What are mixed opioid agonist-antagonists?

Answer 55

a

Question 56

What are the different phases of opioid agonists and what are the subject effects that characterize these phases?

Answer 56

a

Question 57

What is the conditioned place preference?

Answer 57

a

Question 58

What roles do NMDA and glutamate play on morphine action?

Answer 58

a

Question 59

What are the adverse effects of opioid overdose?

Answer 59

a

Question 60

What are the acute pharmacological effects of opioids?

Answer 60

1. Analgesic

Question 61

What are the withdrawal symptoms of opioid addiction?

Answer 61

2. Reduced pain sensitivity

Question 62

What are the different detoxication programs for opioid addiction?

Answer 62

a