Week 102 Swollen Finger

Question 1

what are the four main target for antibiotics

Answer 1

disruptor cell wall inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis inhibition of protein synthesis and anti metabolite activity

Question 2

what is the action of mast cells

Answer 2

mast cells release granules such as histamine to attract other immune cells these cells often contribute to allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases

Question 3

what is the most common leukocyte

Answer 3

neutrophils are important in innate immune response as they are the first cell to arrive at the site of inflammation they can cause the auto inflammatory skin condition neutrophilic dermatosis

Question 4

what leukocyte is in increased numbers in allergic

Answer 4

eosinophils are also important in the anti parasite

Question 5

what leukocyte is involved in local hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 5

basophils

Question 6

how do monocytes differentiate into the two types of macrophages

Answer 6

classical activation produces pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages and alternative activation produces anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages

Question 7

what is the action of dendritic cells

Answer 7

dendritic cells take up antigens and migrate to local lymph nodes where they present the antigen to T cells

Question 8

what is the target for Beta lactam. give three examples

Answer 8

disruption of the cell wall 
flucloxacillin 
amoxicillin 
co-amoxiclav
 beta lactam target gram positive bacteria

Question 9

what is the target for cephalosporins also give three examples

Answer 9

disruption of the cell wall
targets for gram positive bacteria
are able to cross the blood brain barrier
cephalexin treat soft tissue infections
cefuroxime treats community-acquired pneumonia
cefotaxime treat meningitis

Question 10

what is the target for glycopeptide antibiotics give an example and what it treats

Answer 10

glycopeptide disrupt the cell wall
active against gram positive cocci bacteria
vancomycin is the main glycopeptide it is used to treat MRSA
it can be given to patients who are beta lactam hypersensitive

Question 11

what is the action of carbapenem give an example of one and what it is used to treat

Answer 11

carbapenem disrupt the cell wall they are active against gram negative bacteria
imipenem is used for the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacteria

Question 12

what do aminoglycosides target give two examples and what they may be used to treat

Answer 12

aminoglycosides are protein synthesis inhibitors as they bind to the 30s subunit of the ribosomes
gentamicin may be used to treat endocarditis and UTIs it also comes in a topical form and can be used to treat Burns and infections on the outside of the eye it may cause inner ear and kidney problems
streptomycin is giving to TB in addition to isoniazid rifampicin and pyrazinamide.

Question 13

what do macrolides target give two examples and their uses

Answer 13

macrolides target protein synthesis they inhibit it by attaching to the 50s subunit of the ribosome
erythromycin is used to treat respiratory infection skin infections Chlamydia and syphilis. it is used in pregnancy to treat Group B streptococcus
clarithromycin used to treat throat streptococcus H pylori and Lyme disease you should not be taken during pregnancy

Question 14

when would linezolid be used

Answer 14

linezolid is a reserve and antibiotic as it is very effective against gram positive bacteria often used against those that are resistant to other medicines
used to treat vancomycin resistant enterococci ,MRSA and drug resistant TB

Question 15

what is the action of tetracycline give one example

Answer 15

tetracyclines inhibit protein synthesis by interacting with the 30s subunit on the ribosome doxycycline can be used to treat acne UTIs gonorrhea and chlamydia

Question 16

what is the action of macrolides give two examples

Answer 16

macrolides inhibit protein synthesis by interacting with the 50s subunit on the ribosome
they are active against gram positive and gram negative bacteria including H pylori and STIs
erythromycin is an antibiotic that can be used to treat respiratory infection skin infections chlamydia and syphilis and can be used in pregnancy to treat Group B streptococcus
clarithromycin can be used to treat throat streptococcus H pylori and lyme disease that it should not be taken during pregnancy

Question 17

what is the action of linezolid

Answer 17

linezolid be used to treat vancomycin resistant enterococci MRSA and drug resistant TB

Question 18

what is the action of fluoroquinolones give an example

Answer 18

fluoroquinolones are DNA synthesis inhibitors effective against gram negative and gram positive bacteria that can cause GI disturbances ciprofloxacin is an example of a fluoroquinolone

Question 19

what is Metronidazole

Answer 19

Metronidazole is a DNA synthesis inhibitor it is an anti microbial and also an anti-fungal you can be used to treat C difficile and is and is used in combination to treat community acquired pneumonia

Question 20

give an example of an RNA synthesis inhibitor that can be used to treat TB

Answer 20

rifampin is used to treat TB and Legionnaire’s often given in combination with other antibiotics

Question 21

isoniazid what is it

Answer 21

isoniazid mycolic acid synthesis inhibitor can be used to treat TB activity it is used in combination with rifampin streptomycin and pyrazinamide, latent TB it is used by itself

Question 22

what is nitrofurantoin

Answer 22

this antibiotic is used to treat UTIs it is not to be used in people with kidney problems but it is generally safe in pregnancy