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Immunopathology weeks 4-7 > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. Q: What are the three lines of immune defense?
A

First line – Physical, chemical, and biological barriers

Second line – Cells and proteins in tissues (innate immunity)

Third line – Adaptive immunity (B and T cell responses)

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2
Q
  1. Q: What are the key features of adaptive immunity?
A

Specificity

Memory

Diversity

Self vs. Non-self recognition

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3
Q
  1. Q: What are the two types of adaptive immunity?
A

Active immunity: Acquired through infection or vaccination

Passive immunity: Acquired through transfer of antibodies (e.g., maternal)

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4
Q
  1. Q: What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?
A

Humoral immunity: Mediated by B cells and antibodies

Cell-mediated immunity: Mediated by T cells

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5
Q
  1. Q: What is the main target of humoral immunity?
A

Extracellular pathogens (bacteria, toxins, and viruses in blood or interstitial fluid)

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6
Q
  1. Q: What is the main target of cell-mediated immunity?
A

Intracellular pathogens and abnormal cells (e.g., viruses, cancer cells)

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7
Q
  1. Q: What are the steps of humoral immunity?
A
  1. Antigen recognition by B cells
  2. Activation (often with T cell help)
  3. Plasma cells produce antibodies
  4. Memory B cells form
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8
Q
  1. Q: What are the functions of antibodies?
A

Neutralize pathogens

Promote opsonization

Activate the complement system

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9
Q
  1. Q: Which cell produces antibodies?
A

Plasma cells (differentiated B cells)

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10
Q
  1. Q: What are the five classes of immunoglobulins?
A

IgM: First responder

IgD: B cell receptor

IgG: Most abundant; long-term immunity

IgA: Mucosal protection

IgE: Parasitic defense and allergies

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11
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary antibody responses?

A

Primary: Slower, first exposure

Secondary: Faster, stronger due to memory cells

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12
Q

What are the key components of cell-mediated immunity?

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)

Helper T cells (CD4+)

Memory T cells

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13
Q
  1. Q: What do cytotoxic T cells (CD8+) do?
A

Kill infected or abnormal cells by inducing apoptosis

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14
Q
  1. Q: What do helper T cells (CD4+) do?
A

Coordinate the immune response by releasing cytokines that activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages

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15
Q
  1. Q: What types of MHC proteins are there and which cells express them?
A

MHC Class I: All nucleated cells

MHC Class II: Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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16
Q
  1. Q: What are examples of antigen-presenting cells?
A

Dendritic cells

Macrophages

B cells

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17
Q
  1. Q: What role do interferons play in immunity?
A

They are signaling proteins that inhibit viral replication and activate immune cells

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18
Q
  1. Q: Why are AIDS patients more prone to fungal infections?
A

Loss of CD4+ T cells weakens immune coordination, reducing response to fungi

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19
Q
  1. Q: What is the immune response sequence to a bacterium entering the bloodstream?
A

Recognition by innate immunity

Antigen presentation

Helper T cell activation

B cell activation and antibody production

Clearance of bacteria

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20
Q
  1. Q: What causes malaria and how does the immune system respond?
A

Caused by Plasmodium spp.

Immune response includes innate immunity (macrophages, NK cells) and adaptive immunity (T cells, antibodies)

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21
Q
  1. Which type of immunity is also called acquired immunity?

A) Innate immunity
B) Passive immunity
C) Adaptive immunity
D) Cellular immunity

A

C

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22
Q
  1. Adaptive immunity is characterized by:

A) Immediate response
B) General defense
C) Specificity and memory
D) Physical barriers

A

C

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23
Q
  1. Which of the following is not a line of immune defense?

A) Physical barriers
B) Humoral response
C) Fever
D) Bone marrow production

A

D

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24
Q
  1. Which cells are primarily involved in humoral immunity?

A) T cells
B) Macrophages
C) B cells
D) Dendritic cells

A

C

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25
5. What do plasma cells secrete? A) Cytokines B) Enzymes C) Antibodies D) MHC molecules
C
26
6. Which immunoglobulin is the first responder during an infection? A) IgG B) IgA C) IgE D) IgM
D
27
7. Helper T cells are identified by which CD marker? A) CD8 B) CD4 C) CD45 D) CD3
B
28
8. Which type of immunity involves cytotoxic T cells? A) Humoral immunity B) Passive immunity C) Cell-mediated immunity D) Mucosal immunity
C
29
9. What is the role of IgE antibodies? A) Activate complement B) Cross the placenta C) Mediate allergic responses D) Promote phagocytosis
C
30
10. What is the most abundant immunoglobulin in circulation? A) IgA B) IgG C) IgM D) IgD
B
31
11. Which MHC class do all nucleated cells express? A) Class I B) Class II C) Class III D) None Answer: A
A
32
12. Which of the following is an antigen-presenting cell? A) Neutrophil B) Plasma cell C) B cell D) Erythrocyte
C
33
13. Which organ is responsible for T cell maturation? A) Bone marrow B) Liver C) Thymus D) Spleen
C
34
14. Which immunoglobulin is found in mucosal secretions? A) IgG B) IgD C) IgA D) IgE
C
35
15. The variable region of an antibody is responsible for: A) Anchoring the antibody B) Binding antigen C) Transporting the antibody D) Activating B cells
B
36
15. The variable region of an antibody is responsible for: A) Anchoring the antibody B) Binding antigen C) Transporting the antibody D) Activating B cells
B
37
16. Which T cells kill infected cells directly? A) Helper T cells B) Cytotoxic T cells C) Memory T cells D) Regulatory T cells
B
38
17. Adaptive immunity takes longer to develop because it: A) Has fewer components B) Is nonspecific C) Requires antigen exposure and clonal selection D) Relies only on neutrophils
C
39
18. Which immunoglobulin plays a major role in long-term immunity? A) IgM B) IgD C) IgE D) IgG
D
40
19. Passive immunity can be acquired through: A) Infection B) Vaccination C) Maternal antibodies D) Memory cells
C
41
20. What triggers B cell activation? A) Complement binding B) Antigen binding to BCR C) Macrophage contact D) Antibody feedback
B
42
21. Which cell type helps activate B cells and cytotoxic T cells? A) Regulatory T cells B) Dendritic cells C) Helper T cells D) Natural killer cells
C
43
22. What type of molecule is an antibody? A) Lipid B) Enzyme C) Protein D) Carbohydrate
C
44
23. What is the role of memory cells? A) Directly kill pathogens B) Maintain immunity for future infections C) Produce complement D) Secrete mucous
B
45
24. Which cell type presents antigens using MHC II? A) T cells B) Macrophages C) Neutrophils D) Erythrocytes
B
46
25. Which of the following activates the complement system? A) Plasma B) Platelets C) Antibodies D) Neutrophils
C
47
26. Which antibody is a B cell receptor? A) IgA B) IgD C) IgG D) IgM
B
48
27. CD8+ T cells recognize antigen on: A) MHC I B) MHC II C) Toll-like receptors D) BCRs
A
49
28. What does opsonization do? A) Produces antibodies B) Enhances phagocytosis C) Kills viruses D) Blocks T cell activation
B
50
29. Which response is faster: primary or secondary? A) Primary B) Secondary
B
51
30. Which component is not involved in humoral immunity? A) Antibodies B) B cells C) T cells D) Plasma cells
C
52
What is the first exposure to antigen triggers?
Primary Response
53
B cells mature in?
Bone marrow
54
T cells mature in ?
Thymus
55
APCs include all except?
NK cells
56
1. What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?
Humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
57
What is the role of helper T cells in the immune response?
They activate B cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages by releasing cytokines.
58
3. Describe the structure of an antibody.
A Y-shaped protein with two heavy chains, two light chains, variable regions (antigen binding), and constant regions (effector function).
59
What are the key differences between primary and secondary immune responses?
Primary is slower and occurs on first exposure; secondary is faster and stronger due to memory cells.
60
5. How do cytotoxic T cells destroy infected cells?
They recognize antigens on MHC I and induce apoptosis in infected or abnormal cells.
61
6. What is the function of memory cells?
To provide rapid and enhanced response on re-exposure to the same antigen
62
7. What are antigen-presenting cells? Give examples.
Cells that process and present antigens using MHC II; examples: dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells.
63
8. Why do AIDS patients experience more fungal infections?
Loss of CD4+ T cells weakens immune coordination, reducing fungal defense.
64
10. How does the immune system respond to malaria?
Innate response with macrophages and NK cells; adaptive response with antibodies and T cells.
65
1. What are different names that the below immunity is referred to as: INNATE IMMUNITY
Also referred to as the first and second lines of defense (e.g., physical, chemical barriers, and innate immune cells/proteins). (inborn, first line of defence, non specific natural)
66
1. What are different names that the below immunity is referred to as: Adaptive immunity
Also known as acquired immunity or the third line of defense. (aquired, specific, third line defence
67
1. What are different names that the below immunity is referred to as: Humeral immunity
A branch of adaptive immunity involving antibodies and B cells. (antibody mediated immunity, b cell mediated immunity
68
11. What are the normal mechanisms for the clearance of fungal infections by our immune system? Why AIDS patients suffer increased incidence of fungal infections?
Normal clearance: Involves phagocytes and T cells (especially CD4+ helper T cells). In AIDS: CD4+ T cell depletion impairs immune coordination, increasing susceptibility to fungal infections.

Immunopathology weeks 4-7 (5 decks)

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