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Immunology and Virology > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

There are two ‘branches’ to the immune system - what are they?

A

Innate and adaptive

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2
Q

Compare innate and adaptive immunity

A

INNATE - non-specific, fast, includes myeloid cells, chemical barriers and physical barriers
ADAPTIVE - specific, slower, immunological memory

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3
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells are all what?

A

Granulocytes

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4
Q

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils are all what?

A

Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs)

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5
Q

What does PMN stand for?

A

Polymorphonuclear cell

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6
Q

Which myeloid cells are PMNs?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

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7
Q

Which myeloid cells are granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils and mast cells

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8
Q

Myeloid cells are all part of ____ immunity

A

Innate immunity

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9
Q

NK cells are part of ____ immunity

A

Innate

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10
Q

B and T cells are part of _____ immunity

A

Adaptive

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11
Q

What are PMNs?

A

Polymorphonuclear cells have multiple lobes

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12
Q

What are granulocytes?

A

Granulocytes contain granules in their cytoplasm

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13
Q

What is an example of a physical barrier in innate immunity?

A

Epithelium, cilia, skin, nails, mucosa

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14
Q

What is an example of a chemical barrier in innate immunity?

A

Lysozymes, low pH of stomach

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15
Q

How does neutrophilic phagocytosis kill pathogens?

A

Cytoplasmic granules - fuses to form phagolysosome and lowers pH to kill some (≈2%)
Oxidative burst - the cell takes up ++ pathogens, eventually releases ++ ROS such as H2O2, killing itself and the pathogens inside it

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16
Q

What is oxidative burst?

A

A way neutrophils can kill pathogens
Engulfs via phagocytosis, eventually once full with pathogens releases ++ ROS such as H2O2 and kills itself w/ the pathogens inside it

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17
Q

Out of the three PMNs, which is most common?

A

Neutrophils (eosinophils and basophils less common in comparison)

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18
Q

Name three key features of eosinophils

A

Stains pink w/ eosin
Phagocytic
Known for targeting parasite (has specific receptors for this)
Larger than neutrophils

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19
Q

Name three key features of basophils

A

Stains blue with haematoxylin
Non-phagocytic
Helps with parasite
Causes inflammation in asthma and allergic response

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20
Q

Are eosinophils phagocytic?

A

Yes, eosinophils are phagocytic

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21
Q

Are basophils phagocytic?

A

No, basophils are not phagocytic

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22
Q

Are mast cells phagocytic?

A

No, mast cells are not phagocytic

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23
Q

What is the most prominent type of leukocyte?

A

Neutrophil

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24
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

In adaptive immunity, where the immune cells originate and develop

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25
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
In adaptive immunity, the sites of immune response
26
In terms of the different immune response, where do DCs fit in?
Play a key role in bridging the gap between innate and adaptive immunity by presenting Ag to B and T cells
27
Monocytes are only found in _____
blood
28
Macrophages are only found in _____
tissue
29
DCs and macrophages come from which cell type?
Monocytes
30
What happens when a DC first engulfs a pathogen by phagocytosis?
Destroys the pathogen, breaking down into small amino acid chains Travels to the lymph node Presents these AA chains as an Ag on its surface, allowing a T cell w/ the specific binding site to bind Connects innate and adaptive
31
Are DCs phagocytic?
Yes, DCs are phagocytic when they are young and immature
32
Are macrophages APCs?
Macrophages are APCs
33
How is a T cell primed?
Binds specifically to an APC displaying an Ag on a MHC
34
What is the MHC?
What's used to present the Ag to T cells, allowing them to become primed
35
Do B cells need Ags to be bound to an MHC?
No, B cells don't need Ag to be bound to a MHC
36
Are B cells capable of Ag presentation?
Yes, B cells are capable of Ag presentation
37
Are B cells capable of phagocytosis?
Yes, B cells are capable of phagocytosis
38
B cells present Ag to T cells via which MHC molecule?
B cells present Ag to T cells via MHC II
39
Binding of a T cell to an Ag presenting B cell allows what for the Bc ell?
The B cell to mature into a plasma cell | As a plasma cell it can release Abs (secreted form of BCR)
40
How do NK cells kill target cells?
Release cytotoxic granules directly into the cell, which bind to phospholipids and create pores, or cause apoptosis
41
Humoral immunity involves which type of cells?
B cells (plasma cells, Ab release)
42
Cell mediated immunity involves which type of cells?
T cells
43
Only DCs can prime naive T cells for maturation - true of false?
FALSE. Any APC can prime naive T cells, but it is usually DCs
44
What are the two main types of T cell?
CD4+ and CD8+
45
What does CD (as in CD8, CD4) stand for?
Cluster of differentiation
46
Which CD molecule do all T cells have?
CD3
47
T helper cells are positive for which CD molecule?
CD4+
48
Cytotoxic T cells are positive for which CD molecule?
CD8+
49
CD4+ cells need Ags to be presented on which MHC molecule?
CD4+ T cells need Ags to be presented on MHC II
50
CD8+ cells need Ags to be presented on which MHC molecule?
CD8+ cells need Ags to be presented on MHC I
51
Which CD molecule is the best defining molecule on ir in a B cell?
CD19
52
As well as engulfing and killing microorganisms, phagocytic cells also release what?
Release pro-inflammatory mediators to recruit neutrophils and other cells to the infection site
53
What are 3 pro-inflammatory mediators released by phagocytic cells to recruit more cells
``` IL-1β IL-6 CXCL8 TNF⍺ IL-12 ```
54
What are the two types of granules neutrophils contain?
Primary/azurophilic granules (MPO) | Secondary/specific granules (lactoferrin)
55
Name two effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines have on the body
Fever Vasodilation Oedema Pain
56
What are the three professional APCs?
DCs Macrophages B cells
57
Ags presented on MHC II can interact with which type of T cell?
CD4+
58
Ags presented on MHC I can interact with which type of T cell?
CD8+
59
In terms of binding, T cells need what two things for activation?
Ag presentation via MHC for binding w/ TCR | B7 co-stimulator to bind w/ CD28
60
What is the role of CD28?
Binds to B7 co-stimulator on APC to deliver key signals leading to T cell activation
61
What is the key function of Th1 CD4+ cells?
Activate macrophages, help them to suppress intracellular infections
62
What is the key function of Th17 CD4+ cells?
Enhance neutrophil response to fungal and extracellular bacterial infections
63
What is the key function of Th2 CD4+ cells?
Activate cellular and Ab response to parasites
64
What is the key function of Tfh CD4+ cells?
Activate B cells Switch isotype Maturation of Ab response (increase Ab affinity)
65
What is the key function of Treg CD4+ cells?
Suppress other effector T cells
66
IL-12 and IFN-γ induce CD4+ cells into which functional state?
Th1
67
IL-6, TGF-β and IL-23 induce CD4+ cells into which functional state?
Th17
68
IL-4, IL-2 and IL-33 induce CD4+ cells into which functional state?
Th2
69
IL-6, IL-21 and ICOSL induce CD4+ cells into which functional state?
Tfh
70
TGF-β and IL-2 induce CD4+ cells into which functional state?
Treg
71
What is antigen processing?
Metabolic process that digests proteins into smaller peptides through the use of the proteasome
72
What is the proteasome?
A large protease complex involved in protein degradation (and Ag processing)
73
___ can be used induced constitutive proteasome to become an immunoproteasome
interferon
74
On which chromosome is MHC located?
chromosome 6
75
What are the 3 class I genes in humans?
HLA-A HLA-B HLA-C
76
What are HLA-E and HLA-G able to do?
Form ligands w/ NK cells
77
What are the 3 pairs of class II genes in humans?
HLA-DR HLA-DP HLA-DQ
78
What are HLA-DM and HLA-DO able to do?
Supervise peptide loading of DP, DQ and DR (= MHC class II-like molecules)
79
CD8 predominantly deals with which sort of pathogen?
Viruses
80
Why do almost all cells express MHC I?
Viruses can infect any nucleated cell. CD8 (which binds to MHC I) deals with virus infected cells
81
Almost all cells express MHC class II - true or false?
FALSE. MHC II molecules are mostly found on professional APCs
82
The expression of both class I and class II molecules is regulated by ___
cytokines
83
Which cytokine(s) increase class I?
IFN-⍺ and IFN-β
84
IFN-⍺ and IFN-β increase which MHC class?
MHC I
85
IFN-γ increases which MHC class?
It increases both
86
Ag presented by MHC class I are ___
endogenous (synthesised by the cells that present them)
87
Ag presented by MHC class II are ____
exogenous (not generated within the cytosol, mainly from the endocytic pathway via autophagy)
88
Endogenous Ags are presented by which MHC class?
MHC I
89
Exogenous Ags are presented by which MHC class?
MHC II
90
How do MHC II molecules acquire Ag?
Exogenously, mainly from the endocytic pathway through a process known as autophagy
91
Describe the key points and effects of MHC II deficiency
``` Inherited autosomal recessive, faulty TF. Interferon doesn't induce class II molecules. Pts = deficient in CD4+ and have hypogammaglobulinaemia. T cells also respond to non-specific stimuli HSCT = treatment of choice ```
92
Describe the key points of MHC I deficiency
Inherited recessive. Lack of class I leads to insuff. maturation and so profound deficiency of CD8+. May have mutations of TAP1 and TAP2 May suffer from repeated respiratory infections
93
As well as class II and class II-like molecules, the class II region also contains genes for _____
TAP1 and TAP2 peptide transporters
94
What do TAP1 and TAP2 do?
They are peptide transporters. They translocate peptides into the ER until they bind MHC I molecules and are delivered to the cell surface
95
Where are TAP1 and TAP2 genes found?
In the MHC class II region on chromosome 6
96
Which cytokines induce CD4+ cells into Th1 functional state?
IL-12 | IFN-γ
97
Which cytokines induce CD4+ cells into Th2 functional state?
IL-4 IL-2 IL-33
98
Which cytokines induce CD4+ cells into Th17 functional state?
IL-6 TGF-β IL-23
99
Which cytokines induce CD4+ cells into Tfh functional state?
IL-6 IL-21 ICOSL
100
Which cytokines induce CD4+ cells into Treg functional state?
TGF-β | IL-2
101
What is the defining TF for Th1?
T-bet
102
What is the defining TF for Th2?
GATA3
103
What is the defining TF for Th17?
ROR-γ
104
What is the defining TF for Tfh?
Bcl6
105
What is the defining TF for Treg?
FoxP3
106
What are the major cytokines released by Th1?
IFN-γ IL-2 TNF (minor = LT, GM-CSF, IL-3)
107
What are the major cytokines released by Th2?
``` IL-4 IL-5 IL-6 IL-13 (minor IL-10, IL-3, GM-CSF) ```
108
What are the major cytokines released by Th17?
IL-17A IL-21 IL-22 (minor IL-17F, TNF)
109
What are the major cytokines released by Tfh?
IL-4 IL-21 CD40L
110
What are the major cytokines released by Treg?
IL-10 TGF-β IL-35
111
IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF are the major cytokines released by which CD4+ effector cell?
Th1
112
IL-4, IL-5, IL-6 and IL-13 are the major cytokines released by which CD4+ effector cell?
Th2
113
IL-17A, IL-21 and IL-22 are the major cytokines released by which CD4+ effector cell?
Th17
114
IL-4, IL-21 and CD40L are the major cytokines released by which CD4+ effector cell?
Tfh
115
IL-10, TGF-β and IL-35 are the major cytokines released by which CD4+ effector cell?
Treg

Immunology and Virology (6 decks)

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