Week 11 - GMO And Linkage Disequalibrium

Question 1

What is the purpose of testing genetically modified (GM) crops?

Answer 1

To identify potential health and environmental risks.

Question 2

What percentage of GM content in foods requires labeling in Europe and Asia?

Answer 2

> 1%

Question 3

What two GMO-associated sequences does the GMO Investigator kit test for?

Answer 3

• 35S promoter of the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV 35S)
• Terminator of the nopaline synthase (NOS) gene of Agrobacterium tumefaciens

Question 4

What are the two possible outcomes of a PCR test?

Answer 4

• Successful PCR (+ve outcome)
• Unsuccessful PCR (-ve outcome)

Question 5

What does a +ve outcome indicate when testing for the integrity of plant DNA?

Answer 5

Plant DNA is present.

Question 6

What does a -ve result indicate when testing the integrity of plant DNA?

Answer 6

Either plant DNA is degraded or something went wrong with PCR.

Question 7

What does a +ve result indicate when testing for contamination using a non-GMO food control?

Answer 7

Presence of contamination.

Question 8

What is the aim of the practical using the Biotechnology Explorer GMO Investigator Kit?

Answer 8

To test foods or animal feed to identify which contain GM genomes using PCR.

Question 9

In the DNA extraction process, what is added to the screwcap tubes?

Answer 9

500uL of InstaGene.

Question 10

What is the purpose of the master mix in PCR?

Answer 10

To provide necessary components for the PCR reaction.

Question 11

What does the Plant MM in the PCR setup contain?

Answer 11

Photosystem II chloroplast gene primers.

Question 12

What does the GMO MM in the PCR setup test for?

Answer 12

35S promoter and NOS terminator primers.

Question 13

How are haplotypes shuffled each generation?

Answer 13

Through genetic recombination.

Question 14

What is the significance of the distance between SNPs in recombination?

Answer 14

If SNPs are far apart, there are lots of recombinants; if close, few recombinants.

Question 15

What does linkage disequilibrium (D) indicate?

Answer 15

Two genes are linked and do not behave as randomly unlinked alleles.

Question 16

What happens during meiosis with respect to recombination?

Answer 16

Recombination events can occur, leading to non-recombinant and recombinant chromosomes.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: Haplotype refers to _______.

Answer 17

[local combinations of genetic polymorphisms that tend to be co-inherited]

Question 18

True or False: The farther apart two genes are, the fewer recombinant chromosomes you will see.

Answer 18

False.

Question 19

What is the outcome when two genes are physically close together during meiosis?

Answer 19

They are said to be linked.

Question 20

What is indicated by a +ve result when amplifying the 35S promoter?

Answer 20

PCR is working.

Question 21

What is the expected result when testing a non-GMO food control DNA with GMO MM?

Answer 21

-ve result (it shouldn’t work).

Question 22

What is the first step in the practical for DNA extraction from foods?

Answer 22

Select one food to test.

Question 23

What is the volume of distilled water to be added for every gram of food?

Answer 23

5ml.

Question 24

What equipment is used to centrifuge the tubes during DNA extraction?

Answer 24

Centrifuge.

Question 25

What is the process called that involves the division of a cell to produce gametes?

Answer 25

Meiosis ## Footnote Meiosis is essential for sexual reproduction in organisms.

Question 26

In genetics, what term describes genes that are located physically close together on a chromosome?

Answer 26

Linked ## Footnote Linked genes tend to be inherited together.

Question 27

What happens to the likelihood of recombinant chromosomes as genes become farther apart?

Answer 27

Increases ## Footnote The farther apart the genes, the more recombinant chromosomes you see in the offspring.

Question 28

If two genes are close together, what is the effect on recombinant chromosomes in offspring?

Answer 28

Fewer ## Footnote Close genes result in fewer recombinant chromosomes due to reduced crossing-over events.

Question 29

Which hair color is dominant: blond or brown?

Answer 29

Brown ## Footnote Brown hair is dominant over blond hair.

Question 30

Which eye color is dominant: blue or brown?

Answer 30

Brown ## Footnote Brown eyes are dominant over blue eyes.

Question 31

Fill in the blank: The closer the genes are, the ________ recombinant chromosomes you see.

Answer 31

Fewer

Question 32

True or False: Blond hair is dominant to brown hair.

Answer 32

False ## Footnote Brown hair is dominant to blond hair.

Question 33

List the dominant traits discussed in the content.

Answer 33

* Brown hair * Brown eyes ## Footnote Dominant traits overshadow their recessive counterparts.

Question 34

List the recessive traits discussed in the content.

Answer 34

* Blond hair * Blue eyes ## Footnote Recessive traits are expressed only when two copies are present.