Week 11 - Sense relations and cohesion Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Week 11 - Sense relations and cohesion Deck (25)
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1
Q

What are the 5 sense relations?

A
  • Synonymy
  • Antonymy
  • Hyponymy
  • Meronymy
  • Metonymy
2
Q

Define denotation

A

The basic relationship between a linguistic expression and what it stands for on the real world

Eg. The word horse refers to the big physical animal

3
Q

Define referents

A
  • The real world object/entity that is expressed by a linguistic expression

Eg. Fish can refer to one type or different ones, the referent could be any fish in situation

4
Q

Reference vs denotation

A
  • Denotation is a stable relationship between expressions and things
  • Denotation depends on class and categories
  • Reference depends on speakers and context

Eg. Fish denotes a certain animal in the world, but can be used to refer to individual different fish in a pond

5
Q

Define synonymy

A
  • Must have a high degree of semantic overlap
  • Must have low degree of contrastiveness
  • It is scalar, it has to start somewhere
  • Absolute and partial
6
Q

Define absolute synonymy

A
  • Where all contextual terms between the two words are identical
  • Extremely rare, one counter example makes it partial
  • Often linked to borrowings and other word formations
7
Q

Define partial synonymy

A
  • Where two words can be used interchangeably in certain semantic and contextual situations
  • They are not interchangeable in every sense, some words don’t fit where the other does
  • Varying degree, some words are more frequently interchangeable

Eg. Big and large are partial, cannot ay large sister but can say big sister

8
Q

Distinguishing synonyms

A
  • Some pairs are not always sense relations
  • Dialect, connotation, formality and collocations are examples of this

Eg.

pavement vs sidewalk
heart vs ticker
hate vs loathe

9
Q

Define antonymy

A

The relation of opposition

  • Gradable
  • Complementary
  • Converses/relational
  • Marked forms: one term of the pair is the default
10
Q

Define gradable antonyms

A
  • Opposites that are not complementary
  • They can both apply to some extent
  • They can be graded on opposite ends of a scale
  • Often words in-between on the scale

eg. Boiling to freezing, hot, warm, cool, cold etc.

11
Q

Define complementary antonyms

A
  • If one term applies, then the other is excluded
  • If one of the pair is denied, the other must hold

Eg. If John is dead, he cannot be alive.

If the door is not closed, then it is open

12
Q

Define converses/relational antonyms

A
  • They aren’t opposite but are pairs

Eg. Husband and Wife

Gave and received

Bought and sold

13
Q

Define hyponymy

A
  • A ‘kind of’ relation
  • Hierachal
  • Hypernym at top, hyponyms are the branches
  • Hyponyms are co-hyponyms if they have the same parent word
    eg. Dog is the hypernym

Poodle, labrador and pug are the hyponyms and they are co-hyponyms to each other

14
Q

Define meronymy

A
  • A ‘part of’ relationship
  • Meronym refers to a part of the whole

Eg. a toe is part of a foot, a month is part of the year

15
Q

Hyponymy in terms of basic level categories

A
  • One level in each set of hyponyms has a special status,
  • Called the basic or generative level of specificity

Eg. In fruit, apple and granny smith, APPLE is the basic level

16
Q

Hyponymy in terms of entailment

A
  • A can entail B, but B doesn’t automatically entail A

Eg. it’s a horse entails animal, but it’s an animal doesn’t necessarily entail it’s a horse

17
Q

What is a text?

A

A passage, spoken or written, of any length that is unified as a whole

18
Q

What are the categories of cohesion?

Name
Date

A

Halliday and Hasan 1976

  • Reference
  • Substitution
  • Ellipsis
  • Conjunction
  • Lexical cohesion
19
Q

Define reference

A
  • When both elements of the tie refer to the same entity
  • One element often takes meaning by referring to the other

Eg. THE DOG ate the bone, then IT went to sleep

20
Q

Define substitution

A
  • Normally within conversation
  • Replacement of a more specific terms with a more general one, from a finite set of words
  • Both elements refer to the same class of entity

Eg. I had A LEMON SWEET. I also had an apple ONE.

21
Q

Define ellipsis

A
  • When one of the elements in a tie is absent but remains implied

Eg. MEGAN went to the shops and …… bought a top. SHE has been ommited

22
Q

Define conjunction

A

Using conjunctions (eg. and) to create clauses together in a logical relationship.

  • Only one element, the conjunction, in this tie

Eg. Megan went to the shops AND bought a top.

23
Q

Define lexical cohesion

6 types

A
  • Incorporates semantic relations to create texture
  • Repetition (absolute synonymy)
  • Partial synonymy
  • Hyponymy
  • Meronymy
  • Antonymy
  • Other collocations eg. I hate DRINKING. I don’t like BEER.
24
Q

Define cohesion

A
  • When a text contains cohesive ties

- The grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds it together and gives it meaning

25
Q

Define coherence

A
  • When a text as a whole fits together to create one unit

- When a text is logically and semantically consistent