Week 12 Flashcards
(36 cards)
_______ used to collect _________ or step-by-step way researcher used _________ (instruments or scales) = described in ________ section
Procedures used to collect data/step-by-step way researcher used measures (instruments or scales) = described in “Procedures” section
________ ___________ _____________ (ex: statistical tests used + results of descriptive + inferential tests applied in) = presented in ___________ or _______________
Data analysis procedures (ex: statistical tests used + results of descriptive + inferential tests applied in) = presented in “Results” or “Findings”
Procedures for analyzing themes, concepts + observational/ print data in qualitative studies = described in ____________ or _________ _______ section + reported in the ____________ , ______________ or _________ _________ section
Procedures for analyzing themes, concepts + observational/ print data in qualitative studies = described in “Methods” or “Data Collection” section + reported in the “Results,” “Findings,” or “Data Analysis” section
In the Discussion section, researchers explain how ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In the Discussion section, the researchers explain how all the parts of the study are related and analyze the study as a whole
“Conclusions” describes ___________ of findings for practice and education + related ______ based on the findings + future studies may be recommended
“Conclusions” describes implications of findings for practice and education + related limitations based on the findings + future studies may be recommended
Evidence tables of data include: __________________________________________________________________________________________
Evidence tables of data include: author, date, type of study, design, sample, data analysis, findings, and implications
Systematic reviews are an analysis of available ____________ (______) and a ____________ of the effectiveness. Involves a series of complex steps
Systematic reviews are an analysis of available literature (evidence) and a judgement of the effectiveness. Involves a series of complex steps
Systematic reviews include ____________________
Systematic reviews include meta-analyses, integrative reviews, scoping reviews, and meta-syntheses, reflecting a summary of quantitative studies, qualitative studies, or both
Formatting of systematic reviews:
1. Background: ________ covers content RT the background of the ______________ + clarifies the ________________ that the review will answer
2. Methods: methods used to _______ for the literature. Includes: __________________________________________________. If any articles were found BUT not used, authors detail why articles were ___________.
3. Appraisal of the literature: articles included in the lit review are discussed in the body and a _____ ___________ table is used to present __________ of each article. Evidence table is used to _______ articles, ________ them for __________ validity and discuss how well they answer the ________ ________
4. Conclusions/ summary: __________, _______ and ___________ of data = described as they apply to practice. Section contains _______________ about which aspects of practice are __________ by data + which aspects need _______ _________
Formatting of systematic reviews:
1. Background: introduction covers content RT the background of the clinical question + clarifies the specific question that the review will answer
2. Methods: methods used to search for the literature. Includes: exact electronic databases, the dates, and the keywords used to conduct the search are provided. If any articles were found BUT not used, authors detail why articles were excluded.
3. Appraisal of the literature: articles included in the lit review are discussed in the body and a data extraction table is used to present highlights of each article. Evidence table is used to compare articles, critique them for scientific validity and discuss how well they answer the clinical question
4. Conclusions/ summary: strengths, quality and consistency of data = described as they apply to practice. Section contains recommendations about which aspects of practice are supported by data + which aspects need further research
Clinical guidelines: systematically developed statements or recommendations that serve as a guide for practitioners
- Guidelines = dev to assist in bridging practice + research
- Prov algorithms for clinical management/ for decision making about specific diseases
- Not all guidelines are well developed and must be assessed before implementation
- Guidelines should present scope and purpose of the practice, detail who contributed to the development of the guidelines, demonstrate scientific rigour, demonstrate clinical applicability, and demonstrate editorial independence
Meta-analysis: ___________ counterpart to a systematic review. It uses ___________ principles to assess ___________ research
- Provide level I evidence
- Provides _________ _________ bc summarizes studies using data analysis
Meta-analysis: qualitative counterpart to a systematic review. It uses qualitative principles to assess qualitative research
- Provide level ____ evidence
- Provides strongest summaries bc summarizes studies using data analysis
Completing a systematic review:
- Goal = bring together all of the _______ concerning a _______ ________ ________ and, using rigorous _________ and __________ criteria, assess the ________ and _______of evidence provided by the chosen studies in relation to:
1. _______________
2. _______ _______ ____________
3. ____________ ______
4. ____ _________
- Purpose = report most _______ + _____ research on intervention effectiveness + clinical knowledge
Completing a systematic review:
- Goal = bring together all of the studies concerning a focused clinical question and, using rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, assess the strength and quality of the evidence provided by the chosen studies in relation to:
1. Sampling issues
2. Internal validity (bias) threats
3. External validity
4. Data analysis
- Purpose = report most current + valid research on intervention effectiveness + clinical knowledge
Systematic review components:
- Introduction
- Review ________ and a clear ________ _______ (_____)
- Methods
- Information _______, _________ used, and ______ strategy identified: how studies were selected and data extracted as well as the variables extracted and defined
- Description of _______ used to assess ____ of ____, summary measures identified
- Results
- Number of studies ________ and characteristics, risk of bias within studies, if a meta-analysis, there will be a synthesis of results including confidence intervals, risk of bias for each study, and all outcomes considered
- Discussion
- _______ of findings including the strength, quality, quantity, and consistency of the evidence for each outcome
- Any ___________ of the studies, conclusions, and recommendations of findings for practice
- Funding
- Sources of _______ for the systematic review
Systematic review components:
- Introduction
- Review rationale and a clear clinical question (PICOT)
- Methods
- Information sources, databases used, and search strategy identified: how studies were selected and data extracted as well as the variables extracted and defined
- Description of methods used to assess risk of bias, summary measures identified (e.g., risk, ratio); identification of how data are combined, if studies are graded what quality appraisal system was used
- Results
- Number of studies screened and characteristics, risk of bias within studies, if a meta-analysis, there will be a synthesis of results including confidence intervals, risk of bias for each study, and all outcomes considered
- Discussion
- Summary of findings including the strength, quality, quantity, and consistency of the evidence for each outcome
- Any limitations of the studies, conclusions, and recommendations of findings for practice
- Funding
- Sources of funding for the systematic review
Difference between meta analysis and systematic reviews?
Meta-analysis includes a statistical assessment of the studies reviewed. Statistically analyzing the data from each of the studies, treating all the studies reviewed as one large data set in order to obtain a precise estimate of the effect (impact) of the results (outcomes) of the studies in the review
Phases of meta analysis:
Phase II:
Phase II:
Phase I: The data are extracted (i.e., outcome data, sample sizes, and measures of variability from the identified studies).
Phase II: The decision is made as to whether it is appropriate to calculate what is known as a pooled average result (effect) of the studies reviewed
Secondary analysis: previously __________ and ________ data from one study are ___________ for a __________ purpose. Original study may be ________________, _________________, or _____________ ________ ________
Secondary analysis: previously collected and analyzed data from one study are reanalyzed for a secondary purpose. Original study may be experimental, nonexperimental, or Canadian national surveys
Findings: includes _______, ___________, _______________, _______________, _______________, and ____________ for future research and nursing practice, which are separated into 2 major areas: the ________ and the __________ of the _______
Findings: includes results, conclusions, interpretations, recommendations, generalizations, and implications for future research and nursing practice, which are separated into 2 major areas: the results and the discussion of the results
Results: present the __________ data or _______ generated by the ___________ and ___________ statistical tests/ themes from narratives generated from a content or coding analysis. This is the _________ of the interpretations or “__________” section that follows the results. Should reflect the _______ being posed or _________ tested. The _____ used to analyze the data should be identified. If the author does not explicitly state the exact ____ that was used, then the ______ obtained should be noted. The researcher typically provides the _________ ______ of the statistics and states the specific test value and probability level achieved. ___________ statistics are generally presented first, followed by the _______ of each _________ or research _______ tested. If the data support the hypotheses, you might assume that the hypotheses were proven, BUT it only means that the hypotheses were _________, and the results suggest that the _____________ or __________ tested, which were derived from the theoretical framework, were probably logical in that study’s sample. Reviewing and understanding unsupported hypotheses is as important because unsupported hypotheses can be used to suggest __________ (__________) of particular aspects of a study’s design and procedures.
When presenting the results, the investigator should show __________.
________ or _________________ statements to the data in the “Results” section should be avoided.
Results: present the quantitative data or numbers generated by the descriptive and inferential statistical tests or the themes from narratives generated from a content or coding analysis. This is the foundation of the interpretations or “Discussion” section that follows the results. Should reflect the question being posed or hypothesis tested. The tests used to analyze the data should be identified. If the author does not explicitly state the exact test that was used, then the values obtained should be noted. The researcher typically provides the numerical values of the statistics and states the specific test value and probability level achieved. Descriptive statistics are generally presented first, followed by the results of each hypothesis or research question tested. If the data support the hypotheses, you might assume that the hypotheses were proven, BUT it only means that the hypotheses were supported, and the results suggest that the relationships or differences tested, which were derived from the theoretical framework, were probably logical in that study’s sample. Reviewing and understanding unsupported hypotheses is as important because unsupported hypotheses can be used to suggest limitations (weaknesses) of particular aspects of a study’s design and procedures.
When presenting the results, the investigator should show objectivity.
Opinions or reactionary statements to the data in the “Results” section should be avoided.
A good table meets the following criteria:
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A good table meets the following criteria:
1. It supplements and economizes the text.
2. It has precise titles and headings.
3. It does not repeat the text
In the “Discussion of the results” section the researcher discusses the following:
1. The _________ and the _____________ hypotheses
2. The ___________, or ___________, of a study in view of the design and the sample or data-collection procedures
3. How the __________ _________ was supported
4. Additional or previously _____________ ___________ suggested by the data
In the “Discussion of the results” section the researcher discusses the following:
1. The supported and the unsupported hypotheses
2. The limitations, or weaknesses, of a study in view of the design and the sample or data-collection procedures
3. How the theoretical framework was supported
4. Additional or previously unrealized relationships suggested by the data
Discussion section should include:
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Discussion section should include:
1. Generalizability - CAUTION NOT TO OVERGENERALIZE
2. Applicability
3. Recommendations for future research
4. Summary/ conclusion
Major content sections of a research report and related critiquing guidelines
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Major content sections of a research report and related critiquing guidelines:
1. Problem statement and purpose
2. Review of the literature and theoretical framework
3. Hypotheses/ research questions
4. Sample
5. Research Design
6. Internal validity
7. External validity
8. Research approach
9. Methods
10. Legal/ ethical issues
11. Instruments
12. Reliability and validity
13. Analysis of data
14. Conclusions, implications and recommendations
15. Application and utilization
16. Stylistic considerations
Evidence informed decision-making =
Evidence-informed decision-making = a continuous interactive process involving the explicit, conscientious and judicious consideration of the best available evidence to provide care
Evidence =
Evidence = information acquired through research and scientific practices
