Week 12 Flashcards
_______ used to collect _________ or step-by-step way researcher used _________ (instruments or scales) = described in ________ section
Procedures used to collect data/step-by-step way researcher used measures (instruments or scales) = described in “Procedures” section
________ ___________ _____________ (ex: statistical tests used + results of descriptive + inferential tests applied in) = presented in ___________ or _______________
Data analysis procedures (ex: statistical tests used + results of descriptive + inferential tests applied in) = presented in “Results” or “Findings”
Procedures for analyzing themes, concepts + observational/ print data in qualitative studies = described in ____________ or _________ _______ section + reported in the ____________ , ______________ or _________ _________ section
Procedures for analyzing themes, concepts + observational/ print data in qualitative studies = described in “Methods” or “Data Collection” section + reported in the “Results,” “Findings,” or “Data Analysis” section
In the Discussion section, researchers explain how ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
In the Discussion section, the researchers explain how all the parts of the study are related and analyze the study as a whole
“Conclusions” describes ___________ of findings for practice and education + related ______ based on the findings + future studies may be recommended
“Conclusions” describes implications of findings for practice and education + related limitations based on the findings + future studies may be recommended
Evidence tables of data include: __________________________________________________________________________________________
Evidence tables of data include: author, date, type of study, design, sample, data analysis, findings, and implications
Systematic reviews are an analysis of available ____________ (______) and a ____________ of the effectiveness. Involves a series of complex steps
Systematic reviews are an analysis of available literature (evidence) and a judgement of the effectiveness. Involves a series of complex steps
Systematic reviews include ____________________
Systematic reviews include meta-analyses, integrative reviews, scoping reviews, and meta-syntheses, reflecting a summary of quantitative studies, qualitative studies, or both
Formatting of systematic reviews:
1. Background: ________ covers content RT the background of the ______________ + clarifies the ________________ that the review will answer
2. Methods: methods used to _______ for the literature. Includes: __________________________________________________. If any articles were found BUT not used, authors detail why articles were ___________.
3. Appraisal of the literature: articles included in the lit review are discussed in the body and a _____ ___________ table is used to present __________ of each article. Evidence table is used to _______ articles, ________ them for __________ validity and discuss how well they answer the ________ ________
4. Conclusions/ summary: __________, _______ and ___________ of data = described as they apply to practice. Section contains _______________ about which aspects of practice are __________ by data + which aspects need _______ _________
Formatting of systematic reviews:
1. Background: introduction covers content RT the background of the clinical question + clarifies the specific question that the review will answer
2. Methods: methods used to search for the literature. Includes: exact electronic databases, the dates, and the keywords used to conduct the search are provided. If any articles were found BUT not used, authors detail why articles were excluded.
3. Appraisal of the literature: articles included in the lit review are discussed in the body and a data extraction table is used to present highlights of each article. Evidence table is used to compare articles, critique them for scientific validity and discuss how well they answer the clinical question
4. Conclusions/ summary: strengths, quality and consistency of data = described as they apply to practice. Section contains recommendations about which aspects of practice are supported by data + which aspects need further research
Clinical guidelines: systematically developed statements or recommendations that serve as a guide for practitioners
- Guidelines = dev to assist in bridging practice + research
- Prov algorithms for clinical management/ for decision making about specific diseases
- Not all guidelines are well developed and must be assessed before implementation
- Guidelines should present scope and purpose of the practice, detail who contributed to the development of the guidelines, demonstrate scientific rigour, demonstrate clinical applicability, and demonstrate editorial independence
Meta-analysis: ___________ counterpart to a systematic review. It uses ___________ principles to assess ___________ research
- Provide level I evidence
- Provides _________ _________ bc summarizes studies using data analysis
Meta-analysis: qualitative counterpart to a systematic review. It uses qualitative principles to assess qualitative research
- Provide level ____ evidence
- Provides strongest summaries bc summarizes studies using data analysis
Completing a systematic review:
- Goal = bring together all of the _______ concerning a _______ ________ ________ and, using rigorous _________ and __________ criteria, assess the ________ and _______of evidence provided by the chosen studies in relation to:
1. _______________
2. _______ _______ ____________
3. ____________ ______
4. ____ _________
- Purpose = report most _______ + _____ research on intervention effectiveness + clinical knowledge
Completing a systematic review:
- Goal = bring together all of the studies concerning a focused clinical question and, using rigorous inclusion and exclusion criteria, assess the strength and quality of the evidence provided by the chosen studies in relation to:
1. Sampling issues
2. Internal validity (bias) threats
3. External validity
4. Data analysis
- Purpose = report most current + valid research on intervention effectiveness + clinical knowledge
Systematic review components:
- Introduction
- Review ________ and a clear ________ _______ (_____)
- Methods
- Information _______, _________ used, and ______ strategy identified: how studies were selected and data extracted as well as the variables extracted and defined
- Description of _______ used to assess ____ of ____, summary measures identified
- Results
- Number of studies ________ and characteristics, risk of bias within studies, if a meta-analysis, there will be a synthesis of results including confidence intervals, risk of bias for each study, and all outcomes considered
- Discussion
- _______ of findings including the strength, quality, quantity, and consistency of the evidence for each outcome
- Any ___________ of the studies, conclusions, and recommendations of findings for practice
- Funding
- Sources of _______ for the systematic review
Systematic review components:
- Introduction
- Review rationale and a clear clinical question (PICOT)
- Methods
- Information sources, databases used, and search strategy identified: how studies were selected and data extracted as well as the variables extracted and defined
- Description of methods used to assess risk of bias, summary measures identified (e.g., risk, ratio); identification of how data are combined, if studies are graded what quality appraisal system was used
- Results
- Number of studies screened and characteristics, risk of bias within studies, if a meta-analysis, there will be a synthesis of results including confidence intervals, risk of bias for each study, and all outcomes considered
- Discussion
- Summary of findings including the strength, quality, quantity, and consistency of the evidence for each outcome
- Any limitations of the studies, conclusions, and recommendations of findings for practice
- Funding
- Sources of funding for the systematic review
Difference between meta analysis and systematic reviews?
Meta-analysis includes a statistical assessment of the studies reviewed. Statistically analyzing the data from each of the studies, treating all the studies reviewed as one large data set in order to obtain a precise estimate of the effect (impact) of the results (outcomes) of the studies in the review
Phases of meta analysis:
Phase II:
Phase II:
Phase I: The data are extracted (i.e., outcome data, sample sizes, and measures of variability from the identified studies).
Phase II: The decision is made as to whether it is appropriate to calculate what is known as a pooled average result (effect) of the studies reviewed