Week 12 Flashcards
Urinary System
1
Q
The urinary system does all of the following except that it
A. secretes excess glucose molecules B. regulates blood volume C. contributes to stabilizing blood pH D. eliminates organice waste products E. regulates plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
A
A. secretes excess glucose molecules
2
Q
Urine is produced by the
A. liver B. urinary bladder C. kidney D. ureter E. urethra
A
C. kidney
3
Q
Urine is carried to the urinary bladder by
A. blood vessels B. lymphatics C. the ureters D. the urethra E. the calyces
A
C. the ureters
4
Q
Each of the following organs is part of the urinary system except the
A. kidney B. urinary bladder C. liver D. ureter E. urethra
A
C. liver
5
Q
All of the following are true of the kidneys except that they are
A. located in a position that is retroperitoneal
B. surrounded by a renal capsule
C. located within the peritoneum
D. held in place by the renal fascia
E. surrounded by a thick layer of adipose tissue
A
C. located within the peritoneum
6
Q
The prominent indentation on the medial surface of the kidney is the
A. calyx B. pelvis C. ureter D. hilus E. pyramid
A
D. hilus
7
Q
The outermost layer of kidney tissue is the
A. renal cortex B. renal medulla C. major calyx D. minor calyx E. renal pelvis
A
A. renal cortex
8
Q
The innermost layer of kidney tissue is the
A. renal cortex B. renal medulla C. major calyx D. minor calyx E. renal pelvis
A
B. renal medulla
9
Q
Conical structures that are located in the renal medulla are called
A. pyramids B. renal columns C. renal pelvises D. nephrons E. calyces
A
A. pyramids
10
Q
Renal columns are
A. internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule and located in the area of the hilus
B. expanded ends of the ureters
C. the basic functional units of the kidney
D. bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus
E. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla
A
D. bundles of tissue that lie between pyramids and extend from the renal cortex toward the renal sinus
11
Q
The expanded proximal end of the ureter forms the
A. renal sinus B. renal pelvis C. renal calyx D. renal hilus E. renal corpuscle
A
B. renal pelvis
12
Q
Major calyces are
A. large branches of the renal pelvis B. expanded ends of nephrons C. basic functional layers of the kidney D. conical structures that are located in the renal medulla E. the expanded ends of renal pyramids
A
A. large branches of the renal pelvis
13
Q
Bowman’s capsule and the glomerulus make up the
A. renal pyramid B. loop of Henle C. renal corpuscle D. renal papilla E. collecting tubule system
A
C. renal corpuscle
14
Q
The cells of the macula densa and the juxtaglomerular cells form the
A. renal corpuscle B. filtration membrane C. loop of Henle D. juxtaglomerular apparatus E. afferent arteriole
A
D. juxtaglomerular apparatus
15
Q
The expanded end of a nephron is the
A. glomerulus B. renal sorpuscle C. proximal convoluted tubule D. distal convoluted tubule E. loop of Henle
A
B. renal corpuscle
16
Q
A glomerulus is
A. the expanded end of a nephron
B. a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle
C. the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle
D. the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting dust
E. the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron
A
B. a knot of capillaries that lies within the renal corpuscle
17
Q
The portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the
A. loop of Henle B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct E. minor calyx
A
B. proximal convoluted tubule
18
Q
The portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is the
A. loop of Henle B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule D. collecting duct E. minor calyx
A
C. distal convoluted tubule
19
Q
The horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron is the
A. collecting duct B. proximal convoluted tubule C. distal convoluted tubule D. loop of Henle E. minor calyx
A
D. loop of Henle
20
Q
The primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule is
A. filtration B. absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water. C. secretion of acids and ammonia D. secretion of drugs E. adjusting the urine volume
A
B. absorption of ions, organic molecules, vitamins and water
21
Q
The process of filtration occurs at
A. the proximal convoltued tubule B. the distal convoluted tubule C. the collecting duct D. the loop of Henle E. the Bowman's capsule
A
E. the Bowman’s capsule
22
Q
Each of the following is a characteristic of normal urine sample except
A. amber colour B. cloudy C. acidic pH D. specific gravity greater than 1.0 E. ammoniacal odor
A
B. cloudy
23
Q
Each of the following is a noraml constiuent of urine except
A. hydrogen ions B. urea C. large proteins D. salts E. creatinine
A
C. large proteins
24
Q
The most selective pores in the filtration membrane are located in the
A. capillary endothelium B. lamina densa C. podocytes D. basement membrane of the capillaries E. capsular space
A
C. podocytes
25
Substances larger than _____ are normally not allowed to pass through the filtration membrane
```
A. sodium ions
B. glucose
C. albumin
D. amino acids
E. urea
```
C. albumin
26
The process of filtration is driven by
```
A. active transport
B. bloody osmotic pressure
C. blood hydrostatic pressure
D. renal pumping
E. solvent drag
```
C. blood hydrostatic pressure
27
The ability to form a concentrated urine depends on the functions of
```
A. the proximal convoluted tubule
B. the distal convoluted tubule
C. the collecting duct
D. the loop of Henle
E. Bowman's capsule
```
D. the loop of Henle
28
The cells of the proximal convoluted tubule normally reabsorb all of the following except
A. approx 60% of the volume of the filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle
B. approx 50% of the waste products
C. cations such as sodium, calcium and magnesium
D. anions such as bicarbonate, chloride, sulfate and phosphate
E. virtually all of the glucose and other nutrients under normal conditions
B. approx 50% of the waste products
29
Substances secreted by the distal convoluted tubule include
```
A. hydrogen and potassium ions
B. penicillin
C. creatinine
D. all of the above
E. A and C only
```
D. all of the above
30
When the level of ADH (anitdiuretic hormone) increases,
A. more urine is produced
B. less urine is produced
C. less water is reabsorbed by the nephron and collecting duct
D. the specific gravity of the urine decreases
E. more salt is secreted by the nephron
B. less urine is produced
31
In response to increased levels of aldosterone, the kidneys produce
A. a larger volume of urine
B. urine with a higher concentration of sodium ions
C. urine with a lower concentration of potassium ions
D. urine with a lower specific gravity
E. urine with less urea
D. urine with a lower specific gravity
32
The detrusor muscle
A. moves urine through the ureters
B. compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
C. functions as the internal urinary sphincter
D. dunctions as the external urinary sphincter
E. is located in the renal pelvis
B. compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra
33
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined by ________ epithelium
```
A. stratified squamous
B. pseudostratified columnar
C. simple cuboidal
D. transitional
E. simple columnar
```
D. transitional
34
During the micturition reflex,
A. stimulation of stretch receptors in the bladder wall result in afferent impulses arriving in the lumbar region of the spinal cord.
B. there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder.
C. the internal sphincter must be consciously relaxed
D. the external and sphincter relaxes as the result of a parasympathetic reflex.
E. both C and D
B. there is increased activity of the parasympathetic motor neurons that control the smooth muscle of the bladder.
35
Changes that occur in the urinary system with aging include all the following except
A. a decline in the number of functional nephrons
B. a reduction in the GFR (glomerular filtration rate)
C. increased sensitivity to ADH
D. problems with the micturition reflex
E. loss of sphincter muscle tonus
C. increased sensitivity to ADH
36
Each of the following systems of the body is involved in the process of excretion to some degree except the ______ system
```
A. urinary
B. integumentary
C. digestive
D. endocrine
E. respiratory
```
D. endocrine
37
The body has _____ kidneys(s)
```
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4
E. None of the above
```
B. 2
38
Functions of the urinary system include
A. regulation of blood volume and blood pressure
B. regulation of plasma concentration of certain ions
C. helping to stabilize blood pH
D. conservation of valuable nutrients
E. all of the above
E. all of the above
39
The left kidney lies ______ to the right kidney
```
A. inferior
B. superior
C. posterior
D. transverse
E. both A and C
```
B. superior
40
The positioning of the kidneys in the peroneal cavity is maintained by
```
A. the overlying perineum
B. contact with adjacent visceral organs
C. supporting connective tissues
D. none of the above
E. A,B and C
```
E. A, B and C
41
The condition called ______ is especially dangerous because the ureters or renal blood vessels can be twisted or kinked during movement
```
A. polycystic kidney disease
B. floating kidney
C. pyelonephritis
D. kidney stones
E. both B and C
```
B. floating kidney
42
In normal, healthy individuals, _______ ml blood flows through the kidneys each minute
```
A. 500
B. 800
C. 1200
D. 1800
E. 2500
```
C. 1200
43
Proximal convoluted tubule is to ______ as distal convoluted tubule is to
A. reabsorption of water, ions and organic nutrients; secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins.
B. variable reabsorption of water, sodium and calcium; reabsorption of water, ions and organic nutrients
C. secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins; variable reabsorption of water, sodium and calcium inos
D. production of filtration; reabsorption of water, ions and organic nutrients
E. none of the above
A. reabsorption of water, ions and organic nutrients; secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins.
44
The ______ is responsible for the delivery of urine to the minor calyx
```
A. loop of Henle
B. distal convoluted tubule
C. papillary duct
D. renal corpuscle
E. ureter
```
C. papillary duct
45
The filtration of plasma is primary the function of the
```
A. loop of Henle
B. distal convoluted tubule
C. papillary duct
D. renal corpuscle
E. ureter
```
D. renal corpuscle
46
The loop of Henle is made up of ______ cells
```
A. dquamous
B. low cuboidal
C. columnar
D. both A and B
E. both B and C
```
D. both A and B
47
The kidneys not only remove waster products from the bloody, they also assist in the regulation of
```
A. blood volume
B. blood pH
C. blood pressure
D. blood ion levels
E. all of the above
```
E. all of the above
48
______ is an inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that affects the filtration mechanism of the kidneys.
```
A. Glomerulonephritis
B. Floating kidney
C. Polycystic kidney disease
D. Pyelonephrosis
E. Kidney stones
```
A. Glomerulonephritis
49
In the kidney tubules, all of the following are reabsorbed except
```
A. sodium
B. chloride
C. calcium
D. hydrogen
E. potassium
```
D. hydrogen
50
Roughly ____ liters of fluid are produced by the glomeruli each day
```
A. 40
B. 80
C. 130
D. 180
E. 210
```
D. 180
51
Drugs that promote fluid loss in urine are known as
```
A. diuretics
B. beta blockers
C. alpha-1 antagonists
D. calcium channel blockers
E. SSRIs
```
A. diuretics
52
An inability of the kidneys to secrete wastes in sufficient amounts to maintain homeostasis will lead to
```
A. glomerulonephritis
B. polycystic kidney disease
C. calculi
D. renal failure
E. hematuria
```
D. renal failure
53
The layer of collagen fibers covering the outer surface of the entire kidney is the
```
A. adipose capsule
B. renal cortex
C. renal capsule
D. renal fascia
E. adrenal fascia
```
C. renal capsule
54
The glomerulus is located within the
```
A. renal corpuscle
B. renal tubule
C. renal pelvis
D. renal column
E. renal capsule
```
A. renal corpuscle
55
The majority of nephrons are located in the _______ of the kidney
```
A. vasa recta
B. medulla
C. cortex
D. pelvis
E. calyces
```
C. cortex
56
An obstruction in the glomerulus would affect the flow of blood into the
```
A. renal artery
B. efferent arteriole
C. afferent arteriole
D. intralobular artery
E. none of the above
```
B. efferent arteriole
57
Measurement of the functions of a nephron reveals a glomerular pressure of 69 mm Hg, and a pressure in the capsular space of 15 mm Hg. Assuming that the plasma osmotic pressure is 30 mm Hg, and that essentially no plasma proteins are filtrated by the glomerulus, what is the net glomerular filtration pressure in this case?
```
A. -6mm Hg
B. 24 mm Hg
C. 54 mm Hg
D. 84 mm Hg
E. 114 mm Hg
```
B. 24 mm Hg
58
In the loop of Henle
A. water osmoses into the descending limb
B. sodium and choloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb
C. the ascending limb is very permeable to water
D. the filtrate in the descending limb becomes more and more hypotonic
E. filtrate is produced
B. sodium and chloride ions are actively transported out of the ascending limb
59
The antidiuretic hormone
A. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts of water
B. is secreted in response to low oncentrations of potassium ions in the extracelluar fluid
C. causes the kidneys to produce a larger volume of relatively solute-free urine
D. helps regulate the concentration of sodium ion in the interstitial space
E. is sensitive to changes in the blood concentrations of both sodium and potassium
A. increases the permeability of the collecting ducts of water
60
The filtration membrane consists of
```
A. glomerular endothelial cells
B. the basal lamina
C. the slit membrane between the pedicels of pdodcytes
D. A and B are correct
E. A, B and C are correct
```
E. A, B and C are correct
61
Urine is temporarily stored in the ________ ________
Urinary bladder
62
Urine is carried from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body by the __________
urethra
63
The ________ are the individual functional units of the kidneys that actually form urine
Nephrons
64
Most nephrons are ______ _______, which are located in the superficial cortex and have small loops of Henle
cortical nephrons
65
Nephrons located close to the medulla with loops on Henle that extend deep into the renal pyramids are called ____________ _________
juxtamedullary nephrons
66
The ______ ______ is a capillary that surrounds the loop of Henle
vasa recta
67
The amount of filtrate produced by the kidneys each minute is the __________ _______ ________
GFR or Glomerular filtration rate
68
The area of the urinary bladder bounded by the openings of the two ureters and the urethra is called the ________
trigone
69
_________ __________ ____________ is the blood pressure in the glomerular cappillaries
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
70
The ______ ________ consists of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
renal corpuscle
