Week 12

Question 1

What major event occurred around 1.2 billion years ago regarding land life?

Answer 1

Cyanobacteria and protists likely existed on land

Question 2

How many living species of plants are there approximately?

Answer 2

~290,000 living species

Question 3

What do plants supply that is essential for land animals?

Answer 3

Oxygen and the ultimate source of most food

Question 4

What group do land plants belong to?

Answer 4

Archaeplastida

Question 5

What are the two groups of green algae that share common characteristics with land plants?

Answer 5

• Chlorophyta * Charophyta

Question 6

What are the four major adaptations that contribute to the success of terrestrial plants?

Answer 6

• Alternation of generations * Apical meristem tissue * Waxy cuticle * Cell walls with lignin

Question 7

True or False: The dominant stage in mosses is the diploid generation.

Answer 7

False

Question 8

What is the function of the apical meristem in plants?

Answer 8

New cells in a root occur at the apical meristem, causing growth and elongation

Question 9

What does the waxy cuticle protect against?

Answer 9

Desiccation and prevents intake of CO2

Question 10

What are bryophytes?

Answer 10

First plant lineage to diverge after plants moved onto land; lack true leaves and roots

Question 11

What is the primary function of xylem in vascular plants?

Answer 11

Conducts water and minerals from soil to the shoot

Question 12

What do phloem transport throughout the plant?

Answer 12

Sugars, proteins, and other solutes

Question 13

What are the three types of leaves found in vascular plants?

Answer 13

• Microphylls * Megaphylls * Sporophylls

Question 14

What is the major transition in seed plants compared to earlier plants?

Answer 14

Development of pollen and seeds

Question 15

What are gymnosperms known for?

Answer 15

Plants with ‘naked seeds’ and no flowers/fruits

Question 16

Name the four groups of gymnosperms.

Answer 16

• Cycads * Ginkgo biloba * Gnetophytes * Conifers

Question 17

What evolutionary advantage do angiosperms have?

Answer 17

More efficient pollination and seed dispersal

Question 18

What is unique about monocots in terms of embryonic seed leaves?

Answer 18

They have one embryonic seed leaf

Question 19

How do eudicots differ from monocots?

Answer 19

They have two embryonic seed leaves

Question 20

What is the approximate percentage of angiosperms among all plant species today?

Answer 20

Approximately 90%

Question 21

What are the defining features of animals?

Answer 21

• Presence of multicellularity * Formation of gastrula during early development * Synthesis of collagen

Question 22

What type of symmetry do most animals exhibit?

Answer 22

Bilateral symmetry

Question 23

What is the body plan of sponges characterized by?

Answer 23

Asymmetrical with no digestive tract

Question 24

What type of symmetry do cnidarians like jellyfish and sea anemones display?

Answer 24

Radial symmetry

Question 25

What is the process of gastrulation?

Answer 25

Reorganization of the single-layered blastula into a multilayered gastrula

Question 26

What are the two groups into which bilaterian animals are divided?

Answer 26

* Protostomes * Deuterostomes

Question 27

True or False: All bilaterians have bilateral symmetry.

Answer 27

True

Question 28

What do lophotrochozoans include?

Answer 28

Annelids and mollusks

Question 29

What is the evolutionary trend observed in land plants regarding the haploid phase?

Answer 29

Reduction of the haploid phase as land plants evolved

Question 30

What is the fate of the blastopore in protostomes?

Answer 30

The blastopore becomes the mouth.

Question 31

What is the fate of the blastopore in deuterostomes?

Answer 31

The blastopore becomes the anus.

Question 32

What are the characteristics of Bilaterians?

Answer 32

* Bilateral symmetry * Complex organs developed from a triplobastic embryo

Question 33

What are the main advantages of the bilaterian body plan in annelids?

Answer 33

* Well-developed mouth * Cerebral ganglion connecting to the nervous system * Specialized organs for digestion

Question 34

What distinguishes mollusks within the Lophotrochozoa?

Answer 34

* Mantle that aids in breathing and excretion * Forms shells when present

Question 35

How many species of mollusks have been described?

Answer 35

Over 80,000 species.

Question 36

What does 'Ecdysozoa' refer to?

Answer 36

The process of ecdysis, or molting.

Question 37

What is chitin?

Answer 37

The material that forms the hard external skeleton of arthropods.

Question 38

Name the four main groups of arthropods.

Answer 38

* Chelicerates * Myriapods * Crustaceans * Insects

Question 39

What percentage of all animals do insects represent?

Answer 39

Almost 75%.

Question 40

What adaptations allowed jawless fish to feed?

Answer 40

Cranium and vertebrae.

Question 41

What adaptations are found in bony fish?

Answer 41

* Cranium * Jaws * Bones mineralized by calcium phosphate

Question 42

What are the three unique features of bony fish that facilitated occupation of diverse niches?

Answer 42

* Moveable elements in jaws * Swim bladder * Kidneys for water balance

Question 43

What adaptation do lobe-finned fish have that resembles tetrapod limbs?

Answer 43

Paired pectoral and pelvic fins.

Question 44

What major adaptation allows amniotes to live in dry terrestrial habitats?

Answer 44

Amniotic egg.

Question 45

What are the key features of the amniotic egg?

Answer 45

* Desiccation-resistant shell * Four membranes for gas exchange and waste management

Question 46

What distinguishes mammals from other animals?

Answer 46

* Covered with hair * Feed young milk from mammary glands

Question 47

What are monotremes?

Answer 47

Earliest-branching living mammals that lay eggs.

Question 48

What is the significance of the Ediacaran Period in animal evolution?

Answer 48

Atmosphere and oceans contained enough oxygen to support large animals.

Question 49

What major event is referred to as the 'Cambrian explosion'?

Answer 49

The rapid diversification of body plans characteristic of most bilaterian phyla.

Question 50

In what period did animals first colonize land?

Answer 50

Silurian Period.

Question 51

What did the Devonian Period witness in terms of insect evolution?

Answer 51

Major radiation of insects.

Question 52

How did the appearance of mammals and dinosaurs occur in the Early Mesozoic Era?

Answer 52

* Mammals appeared ~210-250 million years ago * Dinosaurs appeared ~240 million years ago

Question 53

What are the five common traits of Chordata?

Answer 53

* Pharynx with pharyngeal slits * Notochord * Neural tube * Myotomes * Post-anal tail