WEEK 12

Question 1

what is the equation for vo2 max

Answer 1

HRmax x Sv max x avo2 difference

Question 2

what is the equation for central cardiac output of the heart

Answer 2

HR max x SV max

Question 3

identify the 5 adaptations to vo2 max for heart rate

Answer 3

• max heart rate= no change with training
• sub maximal heart rate decreases
• SA node not sensitive to training
• decrease in sympathetic outflow which decreases in heart rate for an oxygen consumption

Question 4

describe stroke volume and heart size theories (x3)

Answer 4

bergmann and parrot= relative to body weight wild animals have a larger heart than their domesticated counterpart.

kulbs = dogs exercised have a cardiac hypertrophy and dilation

henschen = skiing causes an enlargement of the heart

Question 5

what causes an increase is heart size and stroke volume

Answer 5

ventricular pre load and filling pressure

Question 6

describe what happens during endurance training with sub maximal exercise

Answer 6

• no change in cardiac output and oxygen consumption at sub maximal workloads
• increases at vo2 max only
• mean arterial blood remains unchanged

Question 7

what are the 3 locals changes that occur within the muscle as avo2 difference increases

Answer 7

= mitochondria

• aerobic enzymes
• blood flow and capillaries

Question 8

define mean transit time

Answer 8

the time it takes for the red blood cells to pass through the capillary bed.

Question 9

describe the 3 metabolic adaptations to aerobic capacity

Answer 9

1) changes in regulation/ activity of key enzymes and protein in structures

2) increased availability of substrate

3) increased ability to combat accumulation of metabolites associated with fatigue

Question 10

describe mitochondrial density during exercise (x2)

Answer 10

• endurance training induces in the number of mitochondria in a muscle fibre
• mor mitochondria means more oxidative enzymes and greater oxygen utilisation

Question 11

describe muscle fibre type changes during endurance training (x1)

Answer 11

• highly trained endurance athletes have a larger slow- twitch fibres and fast twitch fibres of anaerobic power athletes occupy a greater portion of the muscles cross sectional area.

Question 12

describe the biomechanics changes and free fatty acid oxidation

Answer 12

increased mitochondrial number and capillary density

Question 13

describe the biomechanics adaptations and oxygen deficit (x3) v

Answer 13

oxygen deficit is lower following : same vo2 at lower and energy requirement can be met by oxidative ATP production