Week 12: Peace & Reconcilliation Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is negative peace?
Absence of direct violence and conflict where there is no threat or fear of violence.
What is positive peace?
An absence of indirect structural violence, where there are institutions and structures that create and sustain peaceful societies.
What is retributive justice?
A unilateral assignment of punishment against the offender, where the suffering, humiliation, and degradation are key outcomes for the offender.
What is restorative justice?
Achieving a consensus between the affected parties that leads to a shared understanding of the wrongdoing, harm caused, and how to repair these harms as a key outcome.
What is reconciliation?
The healing and repairing of ingroup relations after a period of conflict and violence, it is crucial to sustain peace and aims to foster mutual trust, acceptance, and positive psychological change.
What is the needs-based model of reconciliation for the victim group and the perpetrator group?
The victims agency is threatened, so it must be restored, leading to empowerment.
The perpetrators moral image and social appearance are skewed, so there must be a restoration of morality, leading to acceptance by the victim and society of the perpetrator.
What is a criminal tribunal?
An investigation of those who have violated humans rights, focusing on prosecuting “the big fish” e.g., leaders of regime
What are the two positive effects of a criminal tribunal?
- Hels satisfy victims needs for retributive justice, promoting reconciliation
- Positively linked to readiness for reconciliation
What are the two negative complications of criminal tribunals?
- Reduces a sense of justice when ingroup perpetrator are punished
- May increase victims desire for retribution if sentences are lenient
What did the study of Serb participants who read about criminal tribunals or impunity find in regards to treatment of offenders?
There was more need for retributive justice in the impunity condition, and less willingness to reconcile (vice versa for the tribunal condition)
What is the Therapeutae effect of criminal tribunals?
It is improved psychological adjustment that reduces the sense of powerlessness; although effects may be temporary
What is the re-traumatizing effect in regards to criminal tribunals?
Leads to higher depression/PTSD, in which witnesses can undergo psychological damage by being interrupted, treated intolerantly, and exposed to damaging materials again and again.
What is a truth commission?
a temporary body that investigates human rights abuse, hoping for restorative justice and responsible for REVEALING and ACKNOWLEDGING truth while EMPHASISING reconciliation.
What did the Case Studies of truth commissions in South Africa in 1996 find regarding the relationship between acceptance of the TRC and conciliatory attitudes among black and white South Africans.
There was a bilateral relationship between acceptance of the TRC’s truth and conciliatory attitudes among white South Africans, but NOT among black South Africans.
What did the Case Studies of truth commissions in South Africa in 2003-2008 find regarding support for the TRC, amnesty approval, and support for criminal accountability?
In 2003 there was higher support for TRC, low support for amnesty approval and no support for criminal accountability. In 2008 there was medium support for TRC, lower approval for amnesty, and higher support for criminal accountability.
What is an Apology in regards to war crimes and politics?
They are a restorative justice approach which are a speech act that is designed to promote reconciliation between two or more parties, in which different elements may address different needs of the victim.W
What is the age of apaologies?
Where we have seen a dramatic increase of political apologies since WWII, especially after the 1980’s. (329 political apologies by 74 countries)
What are the 5 elements of a political apology?
-Expression of remorse
- Acknowledgment of responsibility
- Admission of wrongdoing
- Promise of forbearance or “never again”
- Offers of repair
What did the cross-national comparative study of political apologies find regarding what they contained and what they were missing?
Most real-world apologies across the world contained some elements of an ideal apology (i.e., expressions of remorse & acknowledgement of responsibility) but had lesser focus on victims or refuse to have explicit recognitions of what happened, and will instead be implicit (i.e., the Serbian declaration of “tragedy” not genocide)
What are the 4 obstacles of a political apology?
- Apologies are so common they’ve lost significance
- Apologies from outgroup members are mistrusted
- Unsure if a people can be properly represented by their leader
- Collective apologies can be dispassionate and staged
What did the study regarding participants reading Japan’s apology under the condition of “the age of apology” or an intergroup apology when looking at desire for an apology, and perceived remorse and forgiveness?
People expecting more apologies with lower perceived remorse and forgiveness in the age of apology condition, and vice versa for the intergroup apology condition
How do you solve people mistrusting political apologies through a mistrustful lense?
You use a TRUST BROKER, who is a trusted member from within the victim group who reads the apology created by the transgressor.
What did the study regarding forgiveness and trust of political apologies from a messenger using Canada and Afghanistan find?
That using a ingroup messenger from Canada lead to more forgiveness and trust than an outgroup member from Afghanistan.
How do you solve people being unsure if a people can be properly represented by their leader who gives a political apology?
You can use grassroot apologies which are expressions of remorse that are issued directly by the community, which lead to more recognition of remorse and forgiveness.
They are typically independent of formal apology effects but can strengthen these effects.
