Week 12 The land of open graves

Question 1

1. What does De Léon say is the “logic” behind the Prevention through Deterrence Program for dealing with undocumented migrants who cross the border from Mexico into the U.S.?
2. Discuss what the role of the environment and the U.S. border patrol are in this program.

Answer 1

1. Has pushed an authorized migrants away from population centers and funded it into more remote and hazardous border regions it increases the numbers of vitalities along the border as migrants attempt to cross over.
2. Acknowledgment that the desert as well as other extreme environments cross cut by the border will surgically be used to deter migrants from illegal entry .

Question 2

1. Define Agamben’s concept of a “state of exception.
2. Why does De Léon think this concept is applicable to undocumented migration?

Answer 2

1. The state of exception refers to a situation in which the normal legal and political order is suspended, and the sovereign authority can exert power in an exceptional manner.
2. The Sonora Desert is not populated out of the public eye
   this space can be policed in ways that will be violent cruel or rational and most other contexts
   -Desolation of the desert combined with the public procession of the Border as a Zone ruled by chaos allows the state to justify using Extraordinary Measures to control an exclude uncivilized non-citizens

Question 3

1. Define the “hybrid collectif” concept.
2. Who are the human and non-human agents in the collectif in relation to undocumented migration and what are their roles?

Answer 3

1. Hybrid Collective a mix of human n non human elements that shape each other.
2. The border patrol can draw on the agency of animals and other non-humans to do its dirty work while simultaneously evolving itself any blame connected to migrant injuries or losses
   -combines the human force of border patrol agents with the lethal force. of nonhuman elements to annihilate migrants and erase all signs of their existence.

Question 4

Describe De Léon’s forensic experiment with pigs. What was he looking to learn with this study?

Answer 4

They used to Pig to conduct experiment on body decomposition in the desert
The goals of This research is to observe how fast decomposition happens in the desert and to document the impact that Scavenging animals have on bodies

Question 5

1. What is Mbembe’s theory of necropolitics?
2. How does De Léon’s concept of necroviolence build on necropolitics?

Answer 5

1. Necropolitics is how power structures control in manages peoples lives, even their deaths.
2. Necro violence is violence performed and produced through the specific treatment of corpses that is perceived to be offensive and inhumane by the perpetrator the victim and her and his culture group are both
   -Necroviolence is specifically about corporeal mistreatment and its generative capacity for violence

-violence on a corpse to offend the living

Question 6

De Léon argues that “the complexities of the post-deportation world can rival what people experience in the desert or can be far worse” (2015:143).
Do you agree with his assessment? How does physical violence and psychological trauma on la linea differ for deported migrants?

Question 7

What is the relationship between “migration-specific capital” and “the border security industrial complex”? Are there any connections to the Tohono O’dom video and Trump’s proposed wall?

Question 8

Define typology and discuss migrant site typology.

Answer 8

Typology: You can tell what type of site it is when you look at it by the objects, something characteristic about it.
-The sites are archaeologically distinct and Signal different types of behavior and engagement with the environment rather than labeling all location layups we have developed a typology to the distinguish between science where people can for long periods rest get picked up practice religion arrested and die

Question 9

Define use wear analysis and discuss its application on recovered objects.

Answer 9

-Modifications and changes made to Improve objects function or repair damage

-Shoes that have holes and soles separated is wear patterns but They found a shoe repaired with the bra strap indicates that the order was desperate to keep the Footwear functioning

Question 10

Define absolute and relative dating techniques and provide examples of each from the reading.

Answer 10

Absolute dates are inferred through time stamp
EX:
documents such as bus tickets deportation slips or food expiration dates

-Relative dating usually relies on the degree of rust if any on Metal Goods the Structural Integrity of items
EX: such as plastic bottles and the preservation of biodegraded materials such as meat fruit or other Foods

Question 11

What does archaeology add to the Undocumented Migration Project that ethnography cannot capture?

Question 12

What are remittances and what role do they play in the Ecuadorian economy? Based on Christian’s migration story, what are the similarities and differences between the journeys of undocumented migrants from Ecuador and those who cross the US-Mexico border as Mexican nationals?

Answer 12

Remittances sent to ecuador
Remittances increased ecuadorian economy to more than 1.41 billion 2001

Question 13

Maricela (Mari) is Christian’s sister-in-law who disappeared during an unauthorized attempt to cross into the U.S. and the border patrol confirmed her death. How did the state of Maricela’s remains deviate from Catholic standards regarding the body? Please explain.

Answer 13

State of maricelas remains deviate from catholic standards
The coffin was sealed tight they wouldn’t let them see her they said the body wasn’t bad shape and they had to identify her by fingerprints
For Catholics viewing the body is a key element of mourning