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Adulthood and Aging Final > Week 13 > Flashcards

Week 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscles that contract and relax during accommodation to view objects of varying distances

A

Cilia

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2
Q

Normal loss of near focussing that happens with age

A

Presbyopia.

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3
Q

What happens to the cilia muscles and suspensory ligament during presbyopia

A

Cilia muscles and suspensory ligament loose elasticity during presbyopia (difficulty with near vision)

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4
Q

What happens to the LENS during presbyopia?

A

Gradual loss of accommodation –becomes less flexible, so doesn’t change shape as easily. Important during reading

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5
Q

Holds lens and supports eye

A

suspensory ligament

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6
Q

What happens to the lens with age?

A

The lens looses flexibility with age.

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7
Q

What is the most common complaint with presbyopia

A

Arms aren’t long enough to hold out reading material (difficulty with near vision)

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8
Q

When does presbyopia usually happen in individuals?

A

May start happening about age 40-50

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9
Q

What is the outlook once someone has developed presbyopia ?

A

Progressive–worsens over time

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10
Q

Build up of lens leading to symptoms including cloudiness and bluriness

A

Cataracts

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11
Q 
All of the following except which are symptoms of cataracts?
A. Cloudiness
B. Blurriness
C. Bright colors
D. Halos of Light
A

C. Bright colors. With cataracts, colors are faded

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12
Q

What happens after cataracts are corrected via surgery?

A

Person has twinkle/flicker in eye. Can usually see

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13
Q

T/F: Cataract surgery is very expensive and usually not covered by insurance

A

False. Cataract surgery should be covered, even for lower income

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14
Q

Age-related condition that causes central vision loss

A

Age-related macular Degeneration

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15
Q

What is the Macula important for?

A

Macula is crucial for central vision and seeing details sharply; activities requiring precise vision e.g., reading, sewing, driving, setting oven temperature

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16
Q

Part of middle eye responsible for detailed vision

A

Fovea

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17
Q

One of the leading causes of irreversible blindness…

A

Age-related macular degeneration

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18
Q

Prognosis for age-related macular degeneration?

A

Irreversible. One of leading causes of irreversible blindness

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19
Q

Genetics, exposure to the sun, and nutritional deficits are all causes of…?

A

Macular degeneration

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20
Q

Dry vs. Wet macular degeration

A

Dry: Insidious, creeps up slowly
-White/yellow deposits of fatty protein
-Fuzzy vision
Wet: Growth of abnormal blood vessels
-See straight lines as wavy (problem when driving, going down/up stairs)
-White out or dark outs in central vision
-Bluriness
-Where trying to focus is completely obscured

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21
Q

Main problems with dry macular degeneration

A

-Fuzzy vision

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22
Q

Main problems with wet macular degeneration

A
  • Blurry vision
  • See straight lines as wavy b/c abnormal blood vessel growth and leakage of fluid in eye SO
  • Problem with driving, going up/down stairs
  • White outs/black outs
  • Where trying to focus is obscured
  • Social participation affected–can’t see nonverbal cues during conversation
  • distressing for life-long readers
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23
Q

Functional impact of macular degeneration?

A
  • Reading
  • Driving
  • Safety
  • Falls
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24
Q

Most common cause of blindness in African Americans

A

Glaucoma

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25
Q

Build-up of excess fluid that leads to pressure on the optic nerve and causes tunnel vision (peripheral blindness)

A

Glaucoma

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26
Q

T/F: Glaucoma may be reversed with time

A

False, Glaucoma is irreversible

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27
Q

Functional impacts of glaucoma?

A
  • Driving
  • Bumping into objects
  • Reading
  • Walking
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28
Q

Uncontrolled diabetes may lead to damaged retinal capillaries, causing this condition

A

Diabetic retinopathy

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29
Q 
All of the following except which are symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
A. Leaking fluid into macula
B. Poor blood flow
C. Shrinking blood vessels
D. Hemorrhaging blood vessels 
E. Decreased near and distance vision
F. Scotomas (block outs)) in vision
A

C. With diabetic retinopathy, growing (not shrinking) blood vessels

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30
Q

Changes in vision due to diabetic retinopathy?

A
  • Decreased near and distance vision

- Scotomas (random block outs, spots, blotchy) in vision

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31
Q

T/F: Type I diabetes is associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy while Type II is associated with non-proliferative

A

True

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32
Q

Which is more common as a cause of diabetes retinopathy in OA, type I or type II diabetes?

A

Type II diabetes–associated with non-proliferative

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33
Q

Functional impacts of diabetic retinopathy ?

A
  • Difficulty driving at night
  • REading
  • Preparing meds like insulin
  • Testing glucose
  • Mobility
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34
Q

Why is driving at night often problematic for OA?

A

They have decreased ability to adapt from darkness to lightness e.g., tunnel, shifting to bright headlights, streetlights

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35
Q

What suggestions can we make for OA regarding dark/light adaptation?

A
  • Increased illumination needs–need more light to do tasks

- Areas with more light poles are better when driving

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36
Q

Progressive deterioration of hearing associated with aging, mainly involving higher frequencies

A

Presbycusis

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37
Q

Which types of letters/words are more difficult for OA to hear?

A

Higher frequencies from consonants like s, f,

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38
Q

Differences in sounds of vowels vs. consonants for OA?

A
  • Vowels make loud

- Consonants sounds like mumbling (higher frequencies, more difficult to hear)

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39
Q

Who is more willing to use lip reading and try to use nonverbal cues (like with presbycusis), males or females?

A

Females more willing , but lip reading only goes so far e.g., Matt and Batt look very similar

40
Q

What are often the causes of conductive loss presbycusis ?

A
  • Often happens with blockages like ear wax

- May also be from infection

41
Q

What are often the causes of sensorineural loss presbycusis?

A
  • Loud environments
  • Head trauma
  • Medications
  • Tumors (may have tumor in one ear and not other, but if nerves affected will affect both ears)
  • HTN (hypertension)
  • Diabetes
42
Q

Conductive loss presbycusis vs Sensorineural loss presbycusis

A

Conductive loss:
-from blockages like ear wax or infection
-aboise noise and being able to conduct noise through middle or external ear
Sensorineural loss:
-Damage to inner ear and auditory vestibular nerve
-Cochlea cells may be damaged
-Loud environments often cause damange

43
Q

OAs who engage in what kinds of activities/job may develop sensorineural presbycus loss

A

OA who mine, do construction, go to concerts may develop sensorineural presbycus loss

44
Q

“Ringing in the ears” condition that affects 15% of general public

A

Tinnitus

45
Q

Are men or women more commonly affected by Tinnitus

A

Men more commonly affected Tinnitus

46
Q

T/F: Tinnitus can usually not be corrected

A

False! Can usually be corrected

47
Q

T/F: Tinnitus is a symptom, not a disease

A

True

48
Q

AT Device vs. AT Service

A

AT Device focuses on equipment and products
AT Services focuses on products
Both for persons with disabilities or OA

49
Q

AT may be used to augment either amplification or magnification existing pathways. What do these refer to?

A

Amplification: hearing
Magnification: vision

50
Q

When are alternative sensory pathways used?

A

When primary sensory path is so impaired that it can’t be used effectively

51
Q

Using brail is an example of using what kind of alternative pathway?

A

Using brail is a tactile substitution for when visual pathway is unavailable

52
Q

Using subtitles in a movie is an example of using what alternative pathway?

A

Visual substitution for auditory pathway

53
Q

A book on tape is an example of using what alternative pathway?

A

Auditory substitution for visual pathway

54
Q

What is the drawback to using alternative pathways for age-related sensory loss?

A

Alternative pathways often work at much slower rate than primary pathways.

55
Q

Drawbacks to handheld magnifiers?

A
  • May lose
  • Social implications for carrying around
  • May not be able to do hands free
  • Decreases how much you can see at one time
56
Q

Benefits and Drawbacks to eyewear field expanders

A 
Benefits:
-Widens field of view, especially for pts with tunnel vision
-Looks most normal
Drawback: 
-Not safe to be used while driving
57
Q 
Which of the following optical aids looks the most normal:
A. Handheld magnifier
B. Stand magnifier
C. Field expander
D. Telescope
A

Field expander–part of eyewear that expands field of view

58
Q 
Which of the following optical aids looks the least normal:
A. Handheld magnifier
B. Stand magnifier
C. Field expander
D. Telescope
A

Telescope. May not have great adoption rate

59
Q

Nonoptical aids for vision loss include…?

A
  • Enlarged print
  • High intensity lamps
  • High contrast objects
  • Increase task lighting
  • Minimize clutter
  • Rug taped down
  • Salad colors instead of patterns
60
Q

Drawbacks to electronic aids for vision loss compensation

A
  • Immobile
  • Very expensive
  • Have autofocus–may not be best focus for everyone
  • Electronic magnifiers less expensive, but could just use smartphone (although many OA don’t have or know how to use)
61
Q

What computer modifications are helpful for OA visual impairments?

A
  • High color contrasts (helpful for color blindness too)
  • Enlarged keyboards
  • Screen magnifier/zoom
  • Narrator
  • voiceover
62
Q

Automatic reading of text is what kind of alternative pathway?

A
  • Auditory substitute for visual pathway
  • May need to use with clients
  • Jaws: reads out loud as someone scrolls over computer screen
63
Q

T/F: There are many different kinds of hearing aids

A

True.

  • Some in right inner ear
  • Some wrap behind ear
  • Sports ones available
  • Some waterproof
64
Q

Device that sends typed message to telephone

A

Teletypewriter (TTY)

-Has to be used on both ends of communication

65
Q

Downfall to using Relay Services over Teletypewriters

A
  • Takes a lot longer to communicate

- Less private

66
Q

Real time translation versus closed captioning

A
  • Closed captioning: like subtitles when watching movie

- Real time translation: Happening in real time e.g., political event, conference

67
Q

Special type of sound system for use by people with hearing aids that provides a magnetic, wireless signal that is picked up by the hearing aid when it is set to ‘T’ (Telecoil) setting.

A

Hearing Loop. Involves mic and amplifier to help OA hear in certain room e.g., conference room

68
Q

versatile portable amplifier with microphone that provides users with the ability to hear more clearly

A

Pocket talker

69
Q

Cons to pocket talker

A
  • Have to be very close to person

- Adoption very low

70
Q

Expensive assistive listening device worn around neck

A

Bluetooth amplifiers

71
Q

Device worn on wrist that vibrates when something happens e.g., fire alarm, doorbell rings, alarm clock rings

A

Alerting device

72
Q

Options on computers to help with hearing loss for OA?

A
  • Visual cues for sounds
  • Closed captions
  • Screen flash when email or receive text
73
Q 
Technology can help OA in which of the fallowing areas:
A. Fall prevention
B. Sleep tracking
C. Disease monitoring
D. Physical activity 
E. Financial Health
F. Financial health
G. Cognition maintenance 
H. Social participation
I. Medication management
J. Leisure activity
A

All!

74
Q

In general, how to OAs feel about using technical adaptations?

A

May be challenges, but they are generally open to it

75
Q

When introducing technological adaptations with OA, it is important to address…

A
  • Must integrate into their life so meaningful
  • Must fit in with finances
  • Address privacy issues e.g., fear of info traveling in public
  • Must practically fit into their routine
  • Provide more care rather than less–technology not there to replace you!
76
Q

Benefits to computer games for OA

A
  • Relaxation and entertainment: sense of flow leading to sense of satisfaction and achievement
  • Improvement in QOL from socialization (playing with others)
  • Sharpening mind and body (physical and cognitive benefits e.g., enhanced motor skills and manual dexterity
77
Q

Design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design

A

Universal design (original def)

78
Q

What are the 7 principles of universal design?

A
  1. Equitable use: useful and marketable to people with diverse disabilities
  2. Flexibility in use: design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities
  3. Simple and intuitive use: design is easy to understand, regardless of user’s experience, knowledge, language skills, current concentration level
  4. Perceptible information: design communicates necessary info effectively to user, regardless of ambient conditions or sensory abilities
  5. Tolerance for error: design minimizes hazards and adverse consequences of accidental/unintended actions
  6. Low physical effort: design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with minimum of fatigue
  7. Size and space for approach and use: appropriate size and space provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of body size, posture, mobility
79
Q

New definition of universal design: A process that enables and empowers a diverse population by improving human performance, health and wellness, and social participation. How does the new definition of universal design differ from original?

A
  • Feels more intuitive
  • Changes from designer standpoint to consumer perspective
  • Less complicated
80
Q

What are the 8 goals of universal design?

A
  1. Body fit
  2. Comfort
  3. Awareness
  4. Understanding
  5. Wellness
  6. Social Integration
  7. Personalization
  8. Cultural Appropriateness
81
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, accommodating a wide range of body sizes and abilities

A

Body fit

82
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, keeping demands within desirable limits of body function and perception

A

Comfort

83
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, ensuring that critical information for use is easily perceived

A

Awareness

84
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, making methods of operation and use intuitive, clear and unambiguous

A

Understanding

85
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, contributing to health promotion, avoidance of disease and protection from hazards

A

Wellness

86
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, Treating all groups with dignity and respect

A

Social Integration

87
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, Incorporating opportunities for choice and the expression of individual preference

A

Personalization

88
Q

One of the 8 goals of universal design, Respecting and reinforcing cultural values, and the social and environmental contexts of any design project

A

Cultural appropriateness

89
Q

How does universal design differ from ergonomics?

A

Universal design is about physical body and how it fits with the environment. Can be applied to any design process

90
Q

Possible detriments to having lever-door handle?

A
  • Easy for cat and small kids to open
  • People with dementia can easily get out
  • Things can get caught on
91
Q

According to Liu’s research, which interventions were most effective for OA with low vision?

A
  • Interventions that involved teaching knowledge and skills to overcome disabling processes
  • Multiple sessions of training with low vision devices and special viewing skills (to have positive effect on daily activities)
  • Multidisciplinary interventions that focused on personal goals
92
Q

Term used in research by Liu: visual impairment that can’t be corrected by regular eyeglasses, contact lenses, medication, or surgery and interferes with ability to perform everyday activities

A

Low vision

93
Q

In Liu’s article, four main causes of low vision in older adults

A
  1. Age-related macular degeneration
  2. Glaucoma
  3. diabetic retinopathy
  4. cataracts
94
Q

According to Liu, what are strategies that OTs use with OA with low vision?

A
  • teaching clients how to use low vision devices
  • changing environment consistent with principles of lighting, contrast, size, pattern, organization
  • promote use of sensory and cognitive fxns
95
Q

Liu’s research review indicated what as the key to low vision interventions for OA?

A
  • Multiple components and multiple training sessions so OA has time to adopt new knowledge and skills into daily activities
  • Must also cover knowledge of low vision, use of low vision devices, problem-solving strategies, community resources
96
Q

According to Liu, who has the potential to maintain, restore, or improve ADL and IADL performance at home in OA with low vision?

A

OT OT!

Adulthood and Aging Final (7 decks)

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