Week 16 - Bacte Flashcards
attaches to the neuromuscular junction of nerves and prevents the release of acetylcholine.
Botulinum toxin
What are the clinical uses of Botulinum toxin type A (botox)?
Botulinum toxin type A is used to treat strabismus and as a beauty enhancer by improving frown lines temporarily.
What is the causative agent of Tetanus?
Clostridium tetani is the causative agent of Tetanus.
acts on inhibitory neurons, preventing the release of neurotransmitters in Tetanus
Tetanospasmin
What are the clinical manifestations of Tetanus?
Tetanus results in a spastic type of paralysis, with continuous muscular spasms leading to trismus (lockjaw), risus sardonicus (distorted grin), and difficulty breathing
How does Tetanus occur?
Tetanus occurs when spores in the environment enter the skin through puncture wounds.
What is the incubation period of Tetanus?
The incubation period of Tetanus has been reported to range from 3 to 21 days.
What is the prevention measure for Tetanus?
The prevention measure for Tetanus is the diphtheria tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccine.
What causes myonecrosis or gas gangrene?
Organisms like C. perfringens, C. histolyticum, C. septicum, C. novyi, and C. bifermentans contaminate wounds, leading to myonecrosis or gas gangren
What is the effect of gas gangrene exotoxins (; ×Fðxin)?
Gas gangrene exotoxins cause necrosis of the tissue and allow deeper penetration by the organisms.
What clinical manifestations is this include pain and swelling, bullae (fluid-filled blisters), serous discharge, discoloration, and tissue necrosis.
Clinical manifestations of gas gangrene
What is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis?
Clostridium difficile.
What toxins are produced by C. difficile?
C. difficile produces two toxins: toxin A (enterotoxin) and toxin B (cytotoxin).
presents with bloody diarrhea and associated necrosis of the colonic mucosa.
Pseudomembranous colitis
What is actinomycosis characterized by?
Actinomycosis is characterized by the development of sinus tracts and fistulae that erupt to the surface and drain pus containing sulfur granules.
Where are many cases of actinomycosis commonly seen?
Many cases of actinomycosis can be seen in the maxillary region, but the common site is the female genital tract associated with the use of long-standing intrauterine devices (IUDs).
Which bacteria is the most common cause of actinomycosis?
Actinomyces israelii is the most common cause of actinomycosis.
What causes Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?
BV is caused by a shift in the vaginal biota resulting in the overgrowth of endogenous anaerobes such as Mobiluncus spp., Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., anaerobic gram-positive cocci, and Gardnerella vaginalis.
What are the clinical features of Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)?
Clinical features of BV include gray-white, homogenous, malodorous vaginal discharge, with little or no discomfort and no inflammation.
What does an overgrowth of lactobacilli in the vagina result in?
An overgrowth of lactobacilli in the vagina results in the production of lactic acid, which lowers the vaginal pH and suppresses the overgrowth of other organisms.
Which lactobacillus species is the most common in the healthy vagina?
The Lactobacillus acidophilus complex constitutes most of the lactobacilli of the healthy vagina.
What serious infections can occur with lactobacilli in immunocompromised patients?
Immunocompromised patients can experience serious infections like bacteremia and endocarditis caused by lactobacilli.
What opportunistic infections are caused by lactobacilli in patients receiving vancomycin?
Patients who received vancomycin can experience opportunistic infections like endocarditis and polymicrobial abscesses caused by lactobacilli.
What genera of anaerobic Gram-Negative Bacilli are commonly encountered?
The genera commonly encountered include the B. fragilis group, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Fusobacterium.
