Week 2

Question 1

The ____ moves organic matter from surface waters into the ocean interior.

Answer 1

biological pump

Question 2

the _____ of nutrients is ______ to the degree of _______.

Answer 2

upward flux
inversely related
stratification

Question 3

stratifications refers to

Answer 3

how rapidly density is increasing with depth

Question 4

rapid increase with depth
weak or strong stratification?
strong or weak vertical mixing?

Answer 4

strongly stratified
weak vertical mixing

Question 5

slow increase with depth
weak or strong stratification?
strong or weak vertical mixing?

Answer 5

weakly stratified
more vertical mixing

Question 6

density decreasing with depth
strong or weak vertical mixing?

Answer 6

very strong vertical mixing (convection)

Question 7

Increasing stratification will _____ the upward flux of nutrients

Answer 7

reduce

Question 8

decreasing stratification will enhance the ______ flux of nutrients.

Answer 8

upward mixing

Question 9

Global warming will _____ stratification globally, _____ nutrient inputs.

Answer 9

increase
reducing

Question 10

______ chlorophyll concentrations are in the _____ stratified regions

Answer 10

lowest
most

Question 11

_______ chlorophyll in regions where the circulation bring more ______

Answer 11

highest
nutrients to the surface

Question 12

ekman layer

Answer 12

thin layer at surface (~<50m) that is directly moved around by winds over the oceans

Question 13

geostrophic currents

Answer 13

extend to several hundred meters depth and indirectly driven by the winds, through Ekman transport and the resulting sea surface slope

Question 14

thermohaline circulation

Answer 14

from below the upper ocean currents to sea floor, water movements are driven by small differences in density

Question 15

coriolis force

Answer 15

apparent force deflects moving air/water masses

Question 16

coriolis force deflects to the ___ in the northern hemisphere

Answer 16

right

Question 17

coriolis force deflects to the _____ in the southern hemisphere

Answer 17

left

Question 18

easterly winds blow from the ___ towards the ____

Answer 18

east
west

Question 19

Ekman transport of surface waters sets up _____________ that drive geostrophic currents

Answer 19

horizontal pressure gradients

Question 20

At mid-latitudes surface convergence drives ________,around a raised sea surface at the center.

Answer 20

subtropical gyres

Question 21

At higher latitudes in the northern hemisphere surface divergence leads to ______, around a depressed sea surface.

Answer 21

subpolar gyres

Question 22

Major upwelling zones

Answer 22

antarctic divergence
equatorial upwelling
coastal upwelling

Question 23

In the Southern Ocean __________ are brought to the surface at the Antarctic Divergence.

Answer 23

deep ocean waters

Question 24

Persistently westerly winds leads to _____________ of surface waters. This leads to a sea surface that slopes ______ from North to South.

Answer 24

northern Ekman transport
downwards

Question 25

The horizontal pressure gradient due to this sea surface slope leads to an eastward flowing, geostrophic current around Antarctica, the _________.

Answer 25

Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC)

Question 26

South of the ACC there is a great ____________ at the _________ , in the divergence zone between the westerlies at mid-latitudes and the easterly winds near Antarctica.

Answer 26

upwelling of deep waters Antarctic Divergence

Question 27

Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) is a mix of ____ and _____.

Answer 27

NADW AABW

Question 28

____ chlorophyll concentrations are in the ______ regions.

Answer 28

lowest most stratified

Question 29

______ chlorophyll in regions where the circulations brings more ________.

Answer 29

highest nutrients to the surface

Question 30

This Ekman transport generates sea surface slopes that lead to _____________, where there is a _______ between the horizontal pressure gradient and the Coriolis force

Answer 30

geostrophic currents balance

Question 31

what are the 3 major upwelling zones?

Answer 31

-Antarctic Divergence -Equatorial Upwelling -Coastal Upwelling

Question 32

In the _________, relatively salty waters brought north by the Gulf Stream are cooled during winter, leading to deep convective mixing and the formation of NADW, strong winter winds drive cooling and some local evaporation that further increases salinity contributing to this process.

Answer 32

high latitude North Atlantic

Question 33

In the ________, mostly in the Weddell Sea, the salinity of very cold surface waters increases due to brine rejection during the formation of sea ice. These cold, saline waters sink to from AABW. The density of AABW is > NADW. The two water masses mix to form Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) within the ACC.

Answer 33

Southern Ocean near Antarctica

Question 34

AAIW

Answer 34

Antarctic Intermediate Water

Question 35

Most of the intermediate depth ocean is filled with ________. ___________ leads to the formation of Mediterranean Water and the Red Sea-Persian Gulf Intermediate Water.

Answer 35

Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) High salinity

Question 36

In the deep ocean, the concentrations of ___ and the ______________ increase along the deep water flow path.

Answer 36

DIC macronutrients (nitrate, phosphate, silicate)

Question 37

Lowest concentrations are seen in the "youngest" water beneath the areas of deep water formation, particularly in NADW. Highest concentrations are seen in the "oldest" water farthest from the source regions in the North Pacific and Northern Indian.The increase over time is due to the ______________ that is raining down organic matter from the surface ocean, which is then remineralized in deep waters back to nutrients and DIC.

Answer 37

biological pump

Question 38

Total ___________________ vertical profiles in the North Atlantic (36N, 68W) and in the Pacific (28N,122W). DIC is depleted in surface waters by the biological pump in both.

Answer 38

dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC)