Week 2 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Opportunity structures
The features of the physical and social environment which may promote or damage health either directly or indirectly through the possibilities they provide for people to live healthy lives
Macintyre et al 2006
Defining Health
Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity.
Ancient cities: Hippodamian plan
- Hippodamus of Miletus
o Father of town planning - Orthogonal grid layout
- Careful placing of public buildings
- Reflect the social order
- Promote social Cohesion
Ancient Health: Hippocratic Tradition (400 BCE)
- Hippocrates and later philosophers identified diseases changed based on geography
- Hypothesized the seasons (airs), waters, and regions (places) influenced susceptibility or resilience to different health outcomes.
Ancient Health: the yellow Emperor (200 BCE)
- Ch’I Po created analogies of rivers within the human body that had unique properties
- Split Ancient China into the four cardinal directions (NESW) each with their own types of disease and curses they contributed
Ancient Health: India’s Charaka Samhita (100AD)
- Many philosophers knowledge gathered into a compendium of how place affects health
- Early understanding of climate zones, soil contamination and water quality
- Wildlife as predictor of environmental quality
Industrial Revolution
- Overcrowded Cities
- Inhuman workspaces
- Unsanitary Living
Public Health Revolution
- Cholera outbreaks and Misma Theory
Social Reformers & Mapping (UK)
- Charles Booth’s London Poverty Maps 1898
- Laid out the social standing of inhabitants by street
Social Reformers & Mapping (Canada)
-Density and overcrowding are to day regarded by medical authorities as exercising so great an influence upon public health that these subjects demand at our hands full and carful consideration
-19th Century (1840s – 1900)
Sanitizing space (Theme)
- Overcrowding
- Water supply and sewers
- Pollution and odours
- Communicable diseases
- Open space
- Public health legislation
-1890s – 1910s
Health houses and Communities part 1 (Theme)
- Town planning legislation
- Slum Clearance
- Proper Housing
-1890s – 1910s
oHealthy Houses and Communities part 2 (Theme)
- Garden Theme
-1920s – 1930s
Local Regulation and Regional Planning (Theme)
- Land use zoning
- Community design
- Suburban Development
- Regional Planning
- Transport Planning
- Early automobile
-1940s – 1960s
Planning Places vs curing patients (Theme)
- Neighbourhood Planning
- Community Health Services
- Automobility
- 1970s – 1990s
New Movements and Programs (Theme)
- Sustainable Development
- Environmentalism
- New Urbanism
- Smart Growth
-2000s – 2020s
Rebirth of Nexus Theme
- Compact Cities
- New Urbanism
- Smart Growth
- Transit-oriented Development
- Mixed-use Development
- Climate Change
- Non-communicable Diseases
The Municipal Act
- First enacted in 1868, last overhauled in 2001
- Provides the powers and responsibilities of municipalities
- Sets out the general powers of municipal government
- Elected council may make bylaws about powers that are expressly provided for in the Act
- Responsible for providing services and resources
The Planning Act
- First enacted in 1912, last overhauled in 1990
- Sets the policies and limits on land use and urban development
- Outlines the Ontario planning process
- Planning activities delegated to local municipalities
- Sets the provincial policy objectives to be achieved by each municipality
- Emphasis on safe and orderly development
- The Health Protection and Promotion Act
- First enacted in 1873
- Health units operate at the regional level
- Provide preventative programs to reduce chronic disease burden
- Respond to public health emergencies and disease outbreaks
