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BIOSCIENCE > week 2 > Flashcards

week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

nucleus

A

function: houses DNA - instructions for the cell
structure: largest organelle

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2
Q

rough ER

A

function: packages and exports proteins
structure: studded with ribosomes

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3
Q

ribosomes

A

function: site of protein synthesis
structure: Free ribosomes: floating around cytosol, produce proteins for use inside cells - Membrane bound ribosomes: attached to RER, produced proteins for export

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4
Q

golgi apparatus

A

function: modify, concentrate and packages proteins and lipids
structure: stacks of flattened stacks

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5
Q

smooth ER

A

function: synthesis, storage, transport, detoxification
structure: interconnected tubes continuous with the nuclear envelope

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6
Q

cytoplasm

A

function: support and suspend organelles and cellular molecules
structure: watery space between PM and nucleus

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7
Q

mitochondria

A

function: cellular respiration - releases ATP
structure: bean-shaped, enzymes on surface of inner membrane

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8
Q

lysosomes

A

function: digest biological material
structure: membrane enclosed spheres - contains lysosomal enzymes

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A

function: acts as cell bones, muscles and ligaments
structure: network of rods running through cytosol

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10
Q

selectively permeable

A

a membrane that allows certain substances to pass while restricting the movement of others

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11
Q

lipid soluble

A

water-insoluble substances

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12
Q

water soluble

A

lipid insoluble substances

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13
Q

peripheral proteins

A

attach loosely to integral proteins or float free
function: plasma membrane support, enzymes or motor functions

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14
Q

integral proteins

A

embedded within the plasma membrane
function: channel or carriers for the transport of substances - enzymes or receptors

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15
Q

channel proteins

A
  • required for small lipid insoluble substances
    leakage channels: always open at both ends (Na+ + K+)
    gated channels: open and one end and can open and close at other end
  • voltage, chemically and mechanically gated
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16
Q

carrier proteins

A

transform shape to allow substances to pass
- used for lipid insoluble or large substances
- glucose and amino acids
- Na+/K+ ATPase pump

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17
Q

passive transport

A

substances move down concentration gradient - requires no energy

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18
Q

simple diffusion

A

unassisted transport of lipid soluble or very small substances across a plasma membrane down its concentration gradient
- oxygen, carbon dioxide, fats, alcohol, steroid hormones

19
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

assisted transport of large or lipid insoluble substances, from an area of high concentration to low concentration using an integral protein
- glucose, sodium, potassium

20
Q

osmosis

A

net diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of more water (less solutes) to an area of less water (more solutes) when the solute cannot pass through the membrane

21
Q

active transport

A

substances move against the concentration gradient using ATP + sometimes integral protein
- Na+ and K+ ions

22
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration as the ICF for both solutes and water - no change

23
Q

hypertonic

A

higher concentration of solutes than ICF so water moves out - SHRINK

24
Q

hypotonic

A

lower concentration of solutes than ICF so water moves in - SWELL

25
Q

resting membrane potential

A

the potential energy that exists across the plasma membrane resulting from separating oppositely charged ions

26
Q

resting membrane potential: generated

A

by the movement of potassium ions from ICF to ECF through K+ leakage channels making the ECF more positive relative to ICF

27
Q

maintained

A

active transport of ions using the Na+/K+ ATPase pump - putting 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in

28
Q

nervous tissue

A

Structure: nervous tissue is the main component of the brain, spinal cord and nerves - composed of neurons and supporting cells
Functions: nervous tissue transmits electrical signals to regulate and control body function

29
Q

muscle tissue

A

Structure: composed of muscle cells that contain contractile microfilaments
Function: specialised for contraction to allow movement
- skeletal, cardiac, smooth muscle

30
Q

epithelial tissue

A

Function: linings and coverings - protection (skin), absorption (digestion), excretion and filtration (kidney, lungs), secretion and transport (respiratory tract), sensory function (tongue)

structure: composed of epithelial cells that are situated close together with little intercellular space to form continuous sheets
- lacks blood vessels (avascular)
- oxygen and nutrients delivered by diffusion from underlying connective tissue

31
Q

connective tissue

A

Function: connecting tissue of the body
Structure: most abundant and widely distributed of 4 tissue types

32
Q

characteristic of connective tissue

A

protein fibres (collagen, elastic, reticular)
specialised cells
ground substance
cartridge
bone
blood

33
Q

epithelial tissue - skin

A

epidermis

34
Q

connective tissue - skin

A

dermis and hypodermis

35
Q

muscle tissues - skin

A

arterioles and hair

36
Q

nervous tissue - skin

A

epidermis and dermis - nerves

37
Q

epidermis

A

Function: prevents substances moving through the skin
Structure: tightly joined cells to create continuous sheets
- Avascular - nutrients diffuse from blood vessels in the dermis
- cells die and are shed - cells replaced with stem cells from hypodermis - replaced every 25-45 days (cells move up when they die)

38
Q

layers of epidermis

A

5 layers
- Stratum Corneum (most superficial layer)
- - Stratum Basale (basal/deepest layer)

39
Q

dermis

A

Function: strength and flexibility
Structure:
Contains
- Macrophages + fibroblasts (collagen/strength)
- Blood vessels
- Nerves and sensory receptors
- Glands - sweat + sebaceous
- Hair follicles

40
Q

hypodermis

A

Function: stores fat, absorbs shock, insulator, anchors skin to underlying tissue
Structure: connective and adipose tissue

41
Q

skin functions

A

protection, sensation, metabolic function, excretion, blood reservoir, temperature regulation

42
Q

stage 1 tissue repair

A

inflammation
- inflammatory chemicals released
- blood clot forms
- local blood vessels become permeable
- macrophages engulf invading organisms and cell debris

43
Q

stage 2 tissue repair

A

organisation/proliferation
- granulation tissue forms
- fibroblasts arrive - collagen fibres
- blood supply restored - capillaries grow across wound (granulation tissue)

44
Q

stage 3 tissue repair

A

maturation/remodelling
- stem cells grow under scab to regenerate the epithelium
- major wound repair: repair done by fibroblasts
- scab falls off

BIOSCIENCE (10 decks)

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