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PSYC3132 Social Community Psychology > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Social & Community Psychology

A
  • Study of how thoughts feelings and behaviour is influenced by society
  • People are embedded in society
  • Social and Community Psychology are embedded in society
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2
Q

History Social Psychology - Wundt

A
  • Pre 1879
  • Aristotle - Importance of society in shaping humans
  • Comte - Individuals are cause and consequence of society,
    i.e they cause change and are the product of the change in society
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3
Q

Modern History Social Psychology

A
  • 1879 Wilhelm Wundt - first psychology lab
  • Separates psychology from biology and philosophy
  • First to call himself a psychologist
  • Placed importance on experiments
  • Partially natural science and partially social science
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4
Q

History Social Psychology - Triplett & Dewey

A

** * Norman Triplett **
* First social psychology study published
* Before this there were studies on suggestibility on children and social facilitation
* Social Facilitation
** * John Dewey **
* Collectivist work on shaping societies that benefit the mass rather that influencing individuals to benefit society

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5
Q

History Social Psychology - McDougall & Ross

A
  • McDougall - Introduction to psychology
  • Ross - Social Psychology
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6
Q

History Social Psychology - Allport & Sumner

A

Floyd Allport
* First social psych textbooks
* father of social psych and father of social experiments
* Concerned with focus on individual dispositions not society circumstances
* Concerned that tendenicy of individuals to be blamed as source of society problems
Sumner
* this became popular in 20’s & 30’s during great depression
* Strenght of societal ties mitigate adverse consequences of the Great Depression
* Stress from depressions increased societal prejudice and led to WWII

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7
Q

Sumner Critiques Social Psych

A
  • Critique of treatement of African Americans
  • IQ Tests designed by White men used to demonstrate inferiority of African American people
  • Need to consider socio-economic structures and historic inter group relationships
  • First African American psychologist and Father of US Black psychology
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8
Q

WWII inspires experiments

A
  • people wanted to know why atrocities happened
  • Inspired experiments on conformity, obedience and authority
  • Festinger - Insistence that experiments be performed in labs and under controlled conditions , measure variables
  • Deception might be needed in experiments so preconceptions don’t influence
  • Lewin - Interactionism and practical applications
  • Less attention on oppressed groups
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9
Q

Cognitive Revolution

A
  • Inspired in conflict with Behaviourism
  • people act because they are inquisitve not because they are conditioned to.
  • Lewin - Interactionism and practical applications
  • Individuals see the world through their own hopes, objectives and biases
  • Subjective experiences are more important and impactful on people than objective ones.
  • Used psychology to get people to eat animal brains or other organs so the soldiers would get the traditional cuts
  • Demonstrated how to resist propoganda
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10
Q

History of Social Psychology - Move Away From Collectivism

A
  • moved away from collecivist attitudes
  • Ceased recognising needs of oppressed groups
  • Reacted to needs of powerful groups
  • Partially blamed on pervasive Anti-Communism sentiment
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11
Q

History of Social Psychology - 1960s - 1970s

A
  • Stanford Prison & Milgram Obedience
  • Do lab observations apply to real life
  • Who should social psychology serve? Government, military and law enforcement
  • Crisis of Experimental Ethics - questioned research methods
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12
Q

History of Social Psychology - 1970s - 2000s

A
  • Strengthened by Pluralism of research methods - correlational research & field studies allows more variables and wider picture
  • Recognise diversity of participants and cultures
  • Indigenisation of psychology - Interdepenced in India
  • Create adherence to ethical standards - cognition and thought process & informed consent
  • Liberation movement refocus psychology to oppressed groups
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13
Q

Social Facilitation

A
  • Scientific attempt to explain thoughts feelings and behaviour
  • Whether real or imagined or implied prescence of others
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14
Q

Social Facilitation - Triplett

A
  • Three races - Unpaced, Paced and Paced Competition
  • Riders had different times based on which type of race they were in.
  • Paced Competition riders had the fastest times.
  • More riders around cause faster times rather than faster riders causing more riders around
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15
Q

Triplett - Suction Theory

A
  • Riders in tandem create vacuum that sucks single riders along to make them go faster
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16
Q

Triplett - Shelter Theory

A
  • Riders at the front shelter riders behind from wind
  • Riders behind can go faster due to reduced wind resistance
17
Q

Triplett - Hypnotic Suggestion

A

Spinning wheels from first bike hypnotise subsequent riders into having more endurance

18
Q

Triplett - Encouragement Theory

A
  • Having friends in tandem lifts the spirit of the single rider
19
Q

Triplett - Brain Worry Theory

A
  • Riding alone or riding in front is mentally taxing
  • Causes muscles to tire quickly because worrying thoughts induce stress
20
Q

Triplett - Automatic Theory

A
  • Leader has to strategies about their ride
  • Following riders don’t have to think about this and get tired less
21
Q

Triplett - Dynamogenic Factors

A
  • Mere prescence of others creates competitive instinct even if its not actually a race
22
Q

Triplett - Social Facilitation Experiment Design

A

N = 40 children, 8-17 years old
Reel the fishing line alone (3 times)
Reel the fishing line in competition (3 times)
Results:
20 (50%) participants reeled faster in competition compared to alone
10 (25%) participants reeled slower in competition compared to alone
10 (25%) participants showed no difference in time in competition vs. alone

23
Q

Triplett Social Facilitation Results

A
  • Reeling a fishing line is not comparable to riding a bike - e.g. wind resistance or suction
  • Concluded that the differences in performance were probably due to dynomagenic factors
  • Prescence of others influences performance - arouses competetive instincet
24
Q

Social Facilitation - Floyd Allport

A
  • Coined term Social Facilitation - Prescence of others enhances performance
  • Consistent findings to Triplett’s observations
  • This enhancement happens in animals as well
  • Chickens eat more with other chickens than alone - Bayer 1929
  • Ants work harder to move dirt when others around -
    Chen 1937
25
Q

Social Facilitation Experiment - Pessin

A

N = 60 college students
Memorise three lists of 7, three-letter nonsense syllables
Mechanical: Alone, but with the light constantly flashing and a buzzer going off
Social: With a spectator
Control: Alone in a quiet booth

26
Q

Social Facilitation Experiment - Pessin Results

A
  • Unintentionally contradicted previous research
  • Found people work better alone in quiet environment
  • Performed better when there was no one watching rather that when they were being observed
  • performance was enhibited by mere prescence of other people
27
Q

Drive Theory

A
  • Robert Zajonc 1965
  • Type of arousal facilitates performance of dominant response
  • Prescence of others can enhance or inhibit results depending on individual disposition
  • Based on dominant tasks vs non-dominant tasks
  • Task difficulty is a product of environment not disposition e;g; 5 year ols reeling fishinglines
28
Q

Drive Theory - Michaels et al

A
  • Compared performance of expert and novel pool players alone and with others
  • Novices - Arousal inhibited performance - non dominant
  • Experts - Arousla increased performance - dominant task
29
Q

Critiques of Social Facilitation Theory

A
  • No objective criteria for identifying task difficulty
  • Limited meta-analytic supporl
    • Presence of people only accounts for small amount of variance
    • Studies are inconsistent or contradictory
    • Assumes inhibition is due to difficulty and facilitation due to easyness
  • Dispositional factors are ignored.
30
Q

Disposition not Environment

A
  • Uziel 2007
  • Socially confident people had better performance in prescence of others
  • Socially apprehensive people had inhibited performance in front of others
  • Not determined by task difficulty
  • Self assured people had higher esteem and positive orientation
  • Avoidant tendency were more neurotic, lower esteem and negative orientation
31
Q

Strube looks at Fishing Reel Experiment

A
  • Triplett did not use any statistical techniques to analyse his data
  • Strube re-analysed Triplett’s data using null hypothesis significance testing
  • No significant differences
  • No social facilitation effect
32
Q

Replication Crisis

A
  • John Ioannidis (2005) – Most Published Research Findings are False
  • Daryl Bem (2011) - Feeling the future: Did experiments and published a paper proving the existence of ESP
    This challenged people’s perception of the scientific method
  • Open Science Collaboration (2015) – Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science
    Few studies in psychology can be replicated
    The more we see the same thing the less we believe it is false positive
33
Q

Importance of Replication

A
  • Must be able to replicate results or they don’t become general knowledge
  • Gives us confidence that the result actually exists
  • Become authentic the more we get the same results
  • Protects against false positive
34
Q

Two Types of Replication

A
  • Exact/Direct Replication
  • Conceptual Replication
35
Q

Exact/Direct Replication

A
  • attempt to recreate the exact methods used
  • Uses similar conditions of the first study
  • Were the results the same?
36
Q

Conceptual Replication

A
  • Attempt to confirm previous findings using different methods and conditions
  • Tests the same idea with changes to conditions
37
Q

Open Science Collaboration

A
  • 100 scientists replicated one study each
  • Followed methodologies as closely as possible and published
  • only 25% social studies and 50% cognitive studies replicated
  • Effect sizes of original studies had higher confidence intervals
38
Q

Priming

A
  • Exposure to one stimulus influences responses to next stimulus
  • Can be unconscious and without intention
    i.e. giving people words associated with old age caused them to walk slowly to an elevator
39
Q

Reasons for Non-Replication

A
  • Original data was falsified
  • Publish or perish pressure
  • Nonsignificant results have been hidden
  • Small sample sizes
  • Effects are not universal across culture and world events

PSYC3132 Social Community Psychology (4 decks)

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