WEEK 2

Question 1

Cause-and-effect

Answer 1

Related to whether we say one variable is causing changes in the other variable, versus other variables that may be related to these two variables.

Question 2

Confidence interval

Answer 2

An interval of plausible values for a population parameter; the interval of values within the margin of error of a statistic.

Question 3

Distribution

Answer 3

The pattern of variation in data

Question 4

Generalizability

Answer 4

Related to whether the results from the sample can be generalized to a larger population.

Question 5

Margin of error

Answer 5

The expected amount of random variation in a statistic; often defined got 95% confidence level.

Question 6

Parameter

Answer 6

A numerical result summarizing a population.

Question 7

Population

Answer 7

A larger collection of individuals that we would like to generalize our results to.

Question 8

P-value

Answer 8

The probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample, or more extreme, under conjecture about the larger population or process.

Question 9

Random assignment

Answer 9

Using probability-based method to divide a sample into treatment groups.

Question 10

Random sampling

Answer 10

Using a probability-based method to select a subset of individuals for the sample from the population.

Question 11

Reliability

Answer 11

The consistency of a measure.

Question 12

Sample

Answer 12

The collection of indictable on which we collect data.

Question 13

Statistic

Answer 13

A numerical result computed from a sample.

Question 14

Statistical significance

Answer 14

A result statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone.

Question 15

Validity

Answer 15

The degree to which a measure is assessing what it is intended to measure.

Question 16

Confounds

Answer 16

Factors that undermine the ability to draw casual inferences from an experiment.

Question 17

Correlation

Answer 17

Measures the association between two variables, or how they go together.

Question 18

Dependant variable

Answer 18

The variable the researcher measures vat does not manipulate in the experiment.

Question 19

Experimenter expectations

Answer 19

When the experimenter’s expectations influence the outcome of a study.

Question 20

Independent variable

Answer 20

The variable the researcher manipulates and controls in an experiment.

Question 21

Longitudinal study

Answer 21

A study that follows the same group of individuals over time.

Question 22

Operational definitions

Answer 22

How researchers specifically measure a concept.

Question 23

Participant demand

Answer 23

When participants behave in a way that they think the experimenter wants them to behave.

Question 24

Placebo effect

Answer 24

When receiving a special treatment or something new affects human behaviour.

Question 25

Quasi-experimental design

Answer 25

An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions.

Question 26

Random assignment

Answer 26

Assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance.

Question 27

Ambulatory assessment

Answer 27

An overarching term to describe methodologies that assess the behaviour, physiology, experience, and environments of humans in naturalistic settings.

Question 28

Daily diary method

Answer 28

A methodology where participants complete a questionnaire about their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour of the day at the end of the day,

Question 29

Day reconstruction method (DRM)

Answer 29

A methodology where participants describe their experiences and h=behaviour of a given day retrospectively upon a systematic reconstruction of the following day.

Question 30

Ecological momentary assessment

Answer 30

An overarching term to describe methodologies that repeatedly sample participants’ real-world exoeruiences, behaviour, and physiology in real-time

Question 31

Ecological validity

Answer 31

The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.

Question 32

Electronically activated recorder (EAR)

Answer 32

A methodology where participants wear a small, portable audio recorder that intermittently records snippets of ambient sounds around them.

Question 33

Experience-sampling method

Answer 33

A methodology where participants report on their momentary thoughts, feelings, and behaviours at different points in time over the course of a day.

Question 34

External validity

Answer 34

The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings.

Question 35

Full-cycle psychology

Answer 35

A scientific approach whereby researchers start with an observational field study to identify an effect in the real world, follow up with laboratory experimentation to verify the effect and oblate the causal mechanisms, and return to field study research to corroborate their experimental findings.

Question 36

Generalize

Answer 36

Generalizing, in science, refers to the ability to arrive at broad conclusions based on a smaller sample of observations. For these conclusions to be true the sample should accurately represent the larger population from which it is drawn.

Question 37

Internal validity

Answer 37

The degree to which a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established.

Question 38

Linguistic inquiry and word count

Answer 38

A quantitative rear analysis methodology that automatically extracts grammatical and psychological information from a text by counting word frequencies.

Question 39

Lived day analysis

Answer 39

A methodology where a research team follows an individual around with a video camera to objectively document a person’s daily life as it is lived.

Question 40

White coat hypertension

Answer 40

A phenomenon in which patients exhibit elevated blood pressure in the hospital; of doctors office but not in their every day lives.