week 2

Question 1

word magnetism is derived from the Greek work

Answer 1

Magnes

Question 2

what present name Magnes

Answer 2

Manisa

Question 3

• any material or object that produces a magnetic field, which is a force field that can attract or repel other materials

Answer 3

magnet

Question 4

Magnets can be either

Answer 4

natural - magnetite
manmade - electronics, motors, and compasses

Question 5

• made first experiment in 1820
• first clear link between electricity and magnetism, laying the foundation for the field of electromagnetism.

Answer 5

Hans Oersted

Question 6

• developed a method to measure the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei, laying the groundwork for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).
  ▪ coined the term Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
  ▪ Rewarded with Nobel Physics Prize in 1944

Answer 6

Isidor Isaac Rabi

Question 7

• simple relation between resonance, magnetic field strength and frequency of radio waves
• His work led to the development of NMR spectroscopy
• continued extensive studies with the NMR of water, thereby laying the groundwork for later developments that led to MRI
• rewarded with Nobel Physics Prize in 1952

Answer 7

Felix Bloch & Edward Purcell

Question 8

▪ showed that malignant tissue has a different NMR spectrum from normal tissue while working with NMR spectroscopy
▪ produced a crude NMR image of a rat tumor in 1974 and the first body image in 1977. That image took almost 4 hours to produce.

Answer 8

Raymond Damadian

Question 9

• Raymond Damadian and his collegues at FONAR built the first whole-body MRI system, “___”, had a field strength of only ~0.05 T.
• did produce the worlds first MR images of the human. By collecting data from 106 voxels, one voxel at a time (a four hour scan), the image was crude, but clearly showed the heart, lungs, and the walls of the chest cavity.

Answer 9

Indomitable

Question 10

“The Father of Magnetic Resonance Imaging”

Answer 10

Raymond Damadian
1960s to 1970s

Question 11

• Proposed the concept of using magnetic field gradients to create two-dimensional images.
• Gradient System (Gx, Gy, Gz) to pick up and excite a particular section of human body in three dimension then broadcast a first visual of 2 tube in Nature Magazine. - He also called this imaging
  by the name of Zeugmatography
• His pioneering work in MRI earned him a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2003

Answer 11

Paul C. Lauterbur - 1973

Question 12

built the base of Magnetic Resonance by offering the method of frequency and phase coding. He thought of using Fourier Transform instead of Radon Transform and applied successfully.

Answer 12

Richard Ernst -1975

Question 13

• developed Echo Planar Imaging (EPI) provided imaging very fast, Same year that Damadian accomplished imaging of entire human body.
  ▪ MRI method is used for functional MR neuroimaging today.

Answer 13

Peter Mansfield 1977

Question 14

Types of Magnets

Answer 14

Permanent Magnets
Temporary Magnets
Electromagnets

Question 15

These magnets maintain their magnetism over time without needing any external power.

Answer 15

Permanent Magnets

Question 16

become magnetic only when exposed to a magnetic field. Once the external field is removed, they lose their magnetism.

Answer 16

Temporary Magnets

Question 17

created by running an electric current through a coil of wire, usually wrapped around a core made of ferromagnetic material like iron.

Answer 17

Electromagnets

Question 18

Magnets have two poles:
where the magnetic force is the strongest

Answer 18

north and south

Question 19

area around a magnet where its magnetic force is felt is called

Answer 19

magnetic field

Question 20

strength of the B0 magnetic field is expressed in units called

Answer 20

tesla (T)

Question 21

Who was the assistant of Raymond Damadian during his experiment in MRI?

Answer 21

Larry Minkoff

Question 22

Ørsted’s discovery was the first clear link between electricity and magnetism, laying the foundation for the field of electromagnetism. This experiment was done in the year___

Answer 22

1820

Question 23

His work led to the development of NMR spectroscopy

Answer 23

Edward Purcell

Question 24

continued extensive studies with the NMR of water, thereby laying the groundwork for later developments that led to MRI.

Answer 24

Felix Bloch

Question 25

When was the date of experiments of Edward Purcell and Felix Bloch? How about the date when they received their Nobel Prize?

Answer 25

1946, 1952

Question 26

Showed that malignant tissue has a different NMR spectrum from normal tissue while working with NMR spectroscopy

Answer 26

Raymond Damadian 1960-1970

Question 27

Damadian produced a crude NMR image of a rat tumor in ___ and the first body image in __. That image took almost 4 hours to produce.

Answer 27

- 1974 - 1977 (3 years apart)

Question 28

Raymond Damadian and his collegues at FONAR built the first whole-body MRI system, “Indomitable”, had a field strength of only ~___

Answer 28

- 0.05 T

Question 29

indomitable did produce the worlds first MR images of the human. By collecting data from ___ voxels, one voxel at a time (a four hour scan), the image was crude, but clearly showed the heart, lungs, and the walls of the chest cavity

Answer 29

106

Question 30

Proposed the concept of using magnetic field gradients to create two-dimensional images. He is____ and he had his experiment in the year___

Answer 30

Paul C. Lauterbur, 1973

Question 31

Gradient System (Gx, Gy, Gz) to pick up and excite a particular section of human body in three dimension then broadcast a first visual of 2 tube in Nature Magazine. Paul C. Lauterbur also called this imaging by the name of ____

Answer 31

Zeugmatography

Question 32

In 1980, ____and his friends began obtaining visuals by using Ernst Technique. - Initial MR works based on weight of protons and T1 technique began in clinically

Answer 32

Peter H. Hawkins

Question 33

Contrast agent got attraction and started being used in 1980s and for the first time, Schering Company applied for patent for _____. It was the first contrast agent to be used in MRI

Answer 33

- Gd-DTPA.

Question 34

in 1987, 1987, ____was used to imaging of heart’s phase in real-time. While ___accomplished imaging of veins without constant agents by developing Magnetic Resonance Angiography (MRA)

Answer 34

- EPI technique - Charles Dumoulin

Question 35

year when functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was discovered. Then by that time, it was possible to explore deep parts of human brain by using fMRI

Answer 35

1993

Question 36

year when FDA (Food and Drug Ac.) allowed marketing up to 4 Tesla devices

Answer 36

1998

Question 37

year when New York State and Princeton University achieved imaging of lungs

Answer 37

1994

Question 38

The area around a magnet where its magnetic force is felt is called the magnetic field. It’s invisible, but you can visualize it using iron filings or compasses

Answer 38

magnetic field

Question 39

magnetic field/magnet field is represented by a symbol ____

Answer 39

Bo