Week 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What does ATP stand for, and what is its function?
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the main energy carrier in cells, storing and releasing energy as needed.
What are the components of ATP?
ATP consists of adenosine (A) and three phosphate (P) groups, with energy stored in the bonds between the phosphates.
How do cells release energy from ATP?
When a cell needs energy, ATP breaks a bond between its phosphate groups, releasing energy and forming ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate).
What happens when ATP is broken down?
It loses a phosphate group, releasing energy and forming ADP.
How is ATP regenerated?
ADP is recharged in the mitochondria by adding a phosphate, restoring it to ATP.
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
It is a process where cells break down glucose to produce ATP.
What are the three main stages of cellular respiration?
- Glycolysis – Breaks down glucose into pyruvate (occurs in the cytoplasm).
- Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) – Generates electron carriers (occurs in mitochondria).
- Oxidative Phosphorylation – Uses electron transport to produce ATP.
How does aerobic respiration differ from anaerobic respiration?
Aerobic Respiration (with oxygen) produces more ATP.
Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen) produces less ATP but occurs faster.
Why do muscles feel sore after exercise?
Anaerobic respiration produces lactic acid, which builds up in muscles, causing pain and fatigue.
How does oxygen move in the body?
Oxygen moves from plasma → interstitial fluid → cells
How are cellular waste products removed from the body?
Waste moves from cell → interstitial fluid → plasma → removed from body
What methods are involved in the movement of substances through membranes?
Diffusion, osmosis, active transport, filtration
What is the role of selectively permeable membranes in the body?
Helps substances move in and out, maintaining an optimal environment for body function
What is bulk transport, and how does it work?
Active transport of large molecules via vesicles
Requires energy (ATP)
Too large to pass through membrane proteins
What is endocytosis?
Transport of substances into the cell
Cell membrane folds in to form a vesicle
Vesicle moves substances into the cytoplasm
What is exocytosis?
Transport out of the cell
Vesicle fuses with cell membrane
Contents are released or secreted
What is diffusion, and how does it work?
Passive transport across a concentration gradient
Molecules move from high to low concentration
Rate of diffusion increases with temperature and concentration gradient
What happens when cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?
Water rushes into cells from extracellular fluid
Cells swell and may burst if the membrane cannot handle the water
