Week 2

Question 1

How many neurons do we approximately have?

Answer 1

100 billion

Question 2

What is the neuron network?

Answer 2

A huge network for communication and complex processing

Question 3

How many neurons do we loose over time?

Answer 3

50%

Question 4

What is the white matter?

Answer 4

Axons

Question 5

What is the grey matter?

Answer 5

Pink oozy bloody part.

Cell bodies

Question 6

How many neurons does the cerebrum have in it?

Answer 6

14 billion

Question 7

How many neurons does the cerebellum have in it?

Answer 7

70 billion- mini brain that orchestrates the behaviours

Question 8

Hind brain and brain stem and spinal cord- how many neurons?

Answer 8

1 billion neurons

Question 9

What are the types of brain cells

Answer 9

Neurons-
Glial cell- astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells- line the CSF- filled ventricles (neurogenesis)
Microglia- remove dead or degenerating neurons or glia (phagocytosis)

Question 10

What are neurons?

Answer 10

Most have 4 main parts.
1- Soma (cell body)
2- Dendrites
3- Axon
4- Presynaptic terminals

Question 11

What are axons and dendrites known as?

Answer 11

Neurites type II- sma

Question 12

How can you classify neurons?

Answer 12

The number of Neurites (from cell body)
Their dendrites- how many and if they have spines or not
Their axon length- golgi type 1-long internuncial. Golgi type II- small interneurons
The neurotransmitter used by the neuron
Neuronal connections- primary sensory neurons or motor neurons

Question 13

What is an internuncial neuron?

Answer 13

A neuron that goes from brain area 1 to brain area 2

Question 14

What is an interneuron?

Answer 14

A neuron that stays within one brain area

Question 15

What are the 3 types of neurites?

Answer 15

Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar

Question 16

How do they determine whether a neurite is a certain type of polar?

Answer 16

Defined by the number of neurites connected to the soma

Question 17

What is a pyramidal cell?

Answer 17

If it is an apical dendrite it extends from the apex of the pyramidal cell soma.
If it is a basilar dendrite it connects to the base of the soma (not the axon)

Question 18

How are neurons classified by Dendrites?

Answer 18

Stellate (star shaped) vs Pyramidal (triangular)
Has spines (spinous) vs No spines (aspinous)

Question 19

What are dendritic spines involved in?

Answer 19

Learning and memory

Question 20

How do dendritic spines improve learning and memory?

Answer 20

There is more surface area so greater communication between neurons

Question 21

What does dendritic trees change to aid?

Answer 21

Neuroadaptation

Question 22

What is the purpose of dendrites?

Answer 22

They are sources of information for the neuron. The more dendrites we have the more info the neuron receives.

Question 23

What is the difference between afferent vs Efferent neurons?

Answer 23

Afferent is to the connection (a for arrive)

Efferent is from the connection (e for exit)

Question 24

What are the 4 parts to a neuron?

Answer 24

Soma, dendrites, axons, pre synaptic terminal

Question 25

What does the phosopholipid bilayer?

Answer 25

The skin that keeps the cell intact. Has two layers of phospholipid Only certain chemicals can pass through the layer- the uncharged molecules can grow through, but charged molecules cant go through on their own. They have to go through the protein molecules

Question 26

Can uncharged molecules (ions) go through the layer?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Can charged molecules (ions) go through by itself?

Answer 27

No it must go through a protein in the layer

Question 28

What is it called inside the phospholipid bylayer?

Answer 28

Cytoplasm/ Intracellular fluid

Question 29

What is it called outside the phospholipid bylayer?

Answer 29

Extracellular fluid

Question 30

What is the soma full of?

Answer 30

Organelles

Question 31

What is the fluid in the Soma called?

Answer 31

Cytosole

Question 32

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 32

The fluid and organelles in the soma

Question 33

What does the golgi aparatus do?

Answer 33

Sorts proteins for destinations- delivery to specific parts of the neuron. Also refines protein into its final form

Question 34

What does the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 34

3D folding of new proteins

Question 35

What does the Nucleus do?

Answer 35

Contains DNA to provide information for protein synthesis in the neuron

Question 36

What does the Rough Endoplasmic reticulum do?

Answer 36

Major site of protein synthesis and ribosomes help them

Question 37

What are Ribsomes

Answer 37

Translate protein making instructions from messenger RNA

Question 38

What are polyribosomes?

Answer 38

Free floating ribosomes working together on the same strand of mRNA

Question 39

What are mitochondria

Answer 39

Energy producers of the cell | Release ATP produced by Krebs cycle.

Question 40

What is the process where ATP is released?

Answer 40

The Krebs cycle

Question 41

What do axons do?

Answer 41

Carry information to the terminal (presynaptic) boutons

Question 42

How does the axon keep its shape?

Answer 42

Microtubules (tubulin) Neurofilaments Microfilaments (actin)

Question 43

How do proteins made in the soma reach the terminal?

Answer 43

Axoplasmic transport- molecules in vesicles attach via kinesin to microtubules and move toward the terminal.

Question 44

What is the axoplasmic transport ties?

Answer 44

Slow is 1-10 mm/day | Fast is 1000 mm/day

Question 45

What is anterograde transport?

Answer 45

Going forward

Question 46

How does Axoplasmic transport work?

Answer 46

Vesicle fills with protein that is just made. | It walks with kinesin, down microtubules requiring ATP to get to terminal.

Question 47

What are the types of Glial cells?

Answer 47

``` Astrocytes Oligodendrocytes Schwann cells (periphery) Radial glia Microglia ```

Question 48

What does the Astrocytes do?

Answer 48

Most numerous Fills space between neurons and keep them safe Regulate chemical environment of the extracellular space supplies nutrients, ions, oxygen from blood supply Synchronise neurons Can be regulated by neurotransmitters

Question 49

What does the Oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 49

Wrap cells in myelin Myelin sheath is interrupted by nodes of Ranver Shares myelin with several axons

Question 50

What does the Schwann cells

Answer 50

Similar to Oligodendrocytes but does not share myelin- each cell myelinates only one axon

Question 51

What does the Radial Glia do?

Answer 51

Guide neuron migration and axon growth

Question 52

What does Microglia do?

Answer 52

Rids toxins