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General Plant Biology (PLB-200) > Week 2,3 > Flashcards

Week 2,3 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are the main components of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules and actin filaments

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2
Q

What do microtubules consist of?

A

Protofilaments built from tubulin dimers (alpha and beta tubulin)

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3
Q

How many protofilaments around a hollow core make a microtubule?

A

13

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4
Q

What do the plus end and minus end do in a microtubule?

A

The plus end allows for expansion and the minus end does not expand

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5
Q

How do microtubules help cell wall growth?

A

By directing Golgi vesicles towards the membrane

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6
Q

How are microtubules important for functioning cilia and flagella?

A

They form the basis of cilia and flagella and as pairs slide past one another, it creates movement

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7
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin monomers

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8
Q

Microfilaments are bigger or smaller than microtubules?

A

Smaller, but also polar

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9
Q

What are the organelles within a cell?

A

Vacuole, nucleus, endosymbionts (Plastids and Mitochondria), ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough) and the golgi apparatus

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10
Q

What is a tonoplast?

A

The membrane that surrounds a vacuole

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11
Q

What is in the vacuole?

A

Contains dissolved ions, organic acids, and other acidic substances

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12
Q

What is chromatin within a nucleus?

A

Combination of DNA and histone proteins

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13
Q

What does the nucleolus do?

A

Transcribes ribosomal RNA and combines it with proteins to form ribosomal large and small subunits

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14
Q

What is a chloroplast?

A

A plastid (symbiont) that performs photosynthesis within a plant cell

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15
Q

What is a leucoplast?

A

Colorless plastids that store starch (amyloplasts), lipids (elaioplasts), and proteins (proteinoplasts) but can also synthesize fatty acids, amino acids, and other compounds

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16
Q

What does a chromoplast do?

A

Synthesizes and stores non-chlorophyll pigments to attract seed-spreaders

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17
Q

What is a plastid called that has yet to take form?

A

Proplastid

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18
Q

How many genes are in the plastid genome?

A

About 100

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19
Q

What do mitochondria do?

A

They respirate, or release energy from sugars and store them as ATP

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20
Q

What is a peroxisome?

A

A self-replicating organelle that participates in photorespiration

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21
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

A detoxification process that removes built up toxic compounds

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22
Q

What do ribosomes do?

A

Synthesize proteins

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23
Q

Where do ribosomes come from?

A

Partly from the nucleolus and are finished building outside the nucleus

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24
Q

What does the endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

It is an intracellular communications system that functions by storing and releasing calcium and synthesizes lipids

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25
What is a plasmodesmata?
ER-lined pores that connect to cytoplasms of adjacent cells
26
What is the golgi apparatus?
A collection of flat, membranous sacs that serves as a packing center (like for cell wall components)
27
Where do photosynthetic light reactions occur?
Thylakoid membranes
28
Where do photosynthetic “dark” reactions occur?
Stroma
29
What is a haploid?
A cell with one set of chromosomes (Gametes)
30
What is a diploid?
A cell with two sets of chromosomes (zygote)
31
What is a polypoid?
Cells with more than two sets of chromosomes
32
What is alternation of generations?
Life cycle involving sexual reproduction alternating between diploid sporophyte phase and haploid gametophyte phase
33
Where do sporophytes develop from?
Zygotes
34
What do sporophytes produce?
Sporocytes
35
What do sporocytes do?
Undergo meiosis to produce 4 haploid spores.
36
Where do gametophytes develop from?
Spores
37
What do spores do?
Form cells/sexual structure in which gametes are formed by mitosis
38
What is fertilization?
The fusion of gametes
39
How many daughter cells in mitosis?
Two that are identical
40
How many daughter cells in meiosis?
Four daughter cells after two successive divisions
41
In what group of plants are you most likely to find scattered vascular bundles in the stem?
Monocots
42
What type of lateral meristem is involved in the production of secondary tissue of xylem and phloem?
Vascular cambium
43
What type of meristem is found only in monocots and allows for cell division in the vicinity of the nodes and adds to stem length?
Intercalary meristem
44
What type of tissue is composed of thin, pliable living cells?
Parenchyma
45
What type of tissue consists of parenchymatous cells with extensive air spaces and is a common adaptation to aquatic environments?
Aerenchyma
46
What type of tissue consists of thickened secondary cell walls?
Sclerenchyma
47
What term is given to the embryonic (seed) root?
Radicle
48
What type of root does not develop from another root, but instead from a stem?
Adventitious root
49
What region of the root is composed of an apical meristem?
Region of cell division
50
From what tissue in the root does a root branch originate?
Pericycle
51
What group of plants exclusively produces adventitious and fibrous roots?
Monocots
52
What term is given to trees?
Arboral
53
What term is given to the embryonic (seed) root?
Radicle
54
What type of root does not develop from another root, but instead from a stem?
Adventitious root
55
From what tissue in the root does a root branch originate?
Pericycle
56
What group of plants exclusively produces adventitious and fibrous roots?
Monocots ## Footnote Monocots
57
What term is given to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves during a dormancy period?
Deciduous ## Footnote Deciduous
58
What function does a lenticel perform?
Gas exchange ## Footnote Gas exchange
59
In what group of plants might you find a siphonostele?
Ferns
60
What group of plants lacks vascular tissue?
Bryophytes
61
What groups of plants cannot produce lateral (secondary) growth?
Monocots, ferns, lycophytes, and bryophytes
62
Why is lateral growth not possible in monocot stems?
There is no vascular cambium

General Plant Biology (PLB-200) (5 decks)

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