week 2 Flashcards

Question

Magnesium (Mg)

Answer 1

``` EXCESS: Hypermagnesemia Loss of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) Depression of CNS Depression of neuromuscular function ``` DEFICIT: Hypomagnesemia Hyperactive DTRs CNS changes

Answer 2

``` EXCESS: Hypernatremia Thirst CNS deterioration Increased interstitial fluid ``` DEFICIT: Hyponatremia CNS deterioration

Answer 3

``` EXCESS: Hyperkalemia Ventricular fibrillation ECG changes CNS changes ``` ``` DEFICIT: Hypokalemia Bradycardia ECG changes CNS changes ```

Answer 4

-Imbalances typically associated with parallel changes in osmolality - Plays a major role in: - -ECF volume and concentration - -Generation and transmission of nerve impulses - -Acid-base balance

Answer 5

Elevated serum sodium occurring with water loss or sodium gain Causes hyperosmolality leading to cellular dehydration Primary protection is thirst from hypothalamus. Manifestations Thirst, lethargy, agitation, seizures, and coma Impaired LOC Produced by clinical states Central or nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 6

Results from loss of sodium-containing fluids or from water excess. Manifestations Confusion, nausea, vomiting, seizures, and coma

Answer 7

Major ICF cation ``` Necessary for Transmission and conduction of nerve and muscle impulses Cellular growth Maintenance of cardiac rhythms Acid-base balance ``` ``` Sources Fruits and vegetables (bananas and oranges) Salt substitutes Potassium medications (PO, IV) Stored blood ```

Answer 8

High serum potassium caused by Massive intake Impaired renal excretion Shift from ICF to ECF Most common in renal failure ``` Manifestations: Cramping leg pain Weak or paralyzed skeletal muscles Ventricular fibrillation or cardiac standstill Abdominal cramping or diarrhea ```

Answer 9

Low serum potassium caused by: - Abnormal losses of K+ via the kidneys or gastrointestinal tract - Magnesium deficiency - Metabolic alkalosis ``` Manifestations Most serious are cardiac. Skeletal muscle weakness (legs) Weakness of respiratory muscles Decreased gastrointestinal motility Impaired regulation of arteriolar blood flow ```

Answer 10

Obtained from ingested foods More than 99% combined with phosphorus and concentrated in skeletal system Inverse relationship with phosphorus Bones are readily available store ``` Functions:: Transmission of nerve impulses Myocardial contractions Blood clotting Formation of teeth and bone Muscle contractions ```

Answer 11

``` High serum calcium levels caused by: Hyperparathyroidism (two-thirds of cases) Malignancy Vitamin D overdose Prolonged immobilization ``` ``` Manifestations: Decreased memory Confusion Disorientation Fatigue Constipation ```

Answer 12

Low serum Ca levels caused by: ``` Decreased production of PTH Acute pancreatitis Multiple blood transfusions Alkalosis Decreased intake ``` Manifestations: Positive Trousseau’s or Chvostek’s sign Laryngeal stridor Dysphagia Tingling around the mouth or in the extremities

Answer 13

50% to 60% contained in bone. Coenzyme in metabolism of protein and carbohydrates Factors that regulate calcium balance appear to influence magnesium balance. Acts directly on myoneural junction Important for normal cardiac function

Answer 14

High serum Mg caused by: Increased intake or ingestion of products containing magnesium when renal insufficiency or failure is present ``` Manifestations: Lethargy or drowsiness Nausea/vomiting Impaired reflexes Somnolence Respiratory and cardiac arrest ```

Answer 15

``` Low serum Mg caused by:: Prolonged fasting or starvation Chronic alcoholism Fluid loss from gastrointestinal tract Prolonged parenteral nutrition without supplementation Diuretics ``` ``` Manifestations:: Confusion Hyperactive deep tendon reflexes Tremors Seizures Cardiac dysrhythmias ```

Answer 16

``` Isotonic No calories More NaCl than ECF 30% stays in IV (most) 70% moves out of IV ``` ``` Expands IV volume --Preferred fluid for immediate response --Risk for fluid overload higher Does not change ICF volume Blood products Compatible with most medications -- ```

Answer 17

Acidosis Excess hydrogen ions Decrease in serum pH Alkalosis Deficit of hydrogen ions Increase in serum pH

Answer 18

lungs can not get enough 02 Acute problems Pneumonia, airway obstruction, chest injuries Drugs that depress the respiratory control center Chronic respiratory acidosis Common with COPD

Answer 19

Blowing off too much C02 Hyperventilating Caused by anxiety, high fever, overdose of aspirin Head injuries Brainstem tumor

Answer 20

1. Excessive loss of bicarbonate (HCO3) ions to buffer hydrogen - -Diarrhea―loss of HCO3 from intestines 2.Diabetic acidosis 3.Renal disease or failure Dialysis Decreased excretion of acids Decreased production of HCO3 ions

Answer 21

Increase in serum bicarbonate ion - Loss of hydrochloric acid from stomach - Hypokalemia - Excessive ingestion of antacids

Answer 22

``` -Impaired nervous system function Headache Lethargy Weakness Confusion Coma and death ``` -Compensation Deep rapid breathing Secretion of urine with a low pH

Answer 23

Increased irritability of the nervous system causes: ``` Restlessness Muscle twitching Tingling and numbness of the fingers Tetany Seizures Coma ```

Answer 24

Treatment of underlying cause Immediate corrective measures to include fluid and electrolyte replacement or removal Caution is required when adjusting fluid levels to ensure appropriate electrolyte balance. Addition of bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis Modification of diet to maintain better electrolyte balance

Answer 25

6. 8= DEATH 7. 35=ACIDOSIS AND INCREASE H+ 7. 4= NORMAL 7. 45= ALKALOSIS AND DECREASE H+ 7. 8= DEATH