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Brain & Behavior Ultra Forgetables > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Brainstem area particularly susceptible to multiple sclerosis (MS) and neurosyphillis

A

Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus (MLF)

-Bilateral INO with lateral gaze palsy is thus possible

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2
Q

Two eye muscles with contralateral innervation

A
  • Superior oblique – CN IV only fully crossed cranial nerve

- Superior rectus – CN III fibers to superior rectus come from contralateral side

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3
Q

Two functions of Edinger-Westphal Nucleus

A
  • Pupillary constriction

- Near response

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4
Q

Cranial nerves with parasymp fibers from parasymp column of nuclei?

A

CN III (Edinger-Westphall), VII (superior salivatory), IX (Inferior salivatory), X (Dorsal motor)

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5
Q

Sole purpose of inferior salivatory nucleus (and associated cranial nerve)

A

Parasympathetic innervation of parotid gland via CN IX

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6
Q

Nucleus oralis

A

Most rostral subdivision of spinal nucleus of CN V. Receives face touch information

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7
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter acting on central pattern generators in ficitive locomotion

A

Serotonin & NMDA

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8
Q

Location of CPG neurons in brainstem

A

Intermediate zone

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9
Q

Initiating nucleus for locomotion? Location?

A

Mesencephalic locomotor regions (MLR) located just below inferior colliculus; Projects to reticular formation

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10
Q

Tract responsible for initiating locomotion

A

Reticulospinal tract

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11
Q

3 properties of thalamic cells in burst mode (sleep)

A

1) Oscillations (pacemaker-type potential)
2) Cortex synchrony (evoke delta waves in cortex)
3) Unreliable responses (long refractory periods)

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12
Q

Physiological reason for thalamic cells entering burst/phasic mode

A

T-type calcium channels released from inactivation by hyperpolarization.

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13
Q

Feedback cerebellar pathway

A

Vermis & paravermis acting on muscles via vestibulospinal pathway.
Receives input from dorsal spinocerebellar pathway

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14
Q

Feedforward cerebellar pathway

A 
Lateral hemispheres (dentate nucleus) projecting back to motor cortex to predict necessary adjustments.
Receives inputs from motor cortex as well
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15
Q

alpha-synuclein, lewy bodies

A

Aggregates found in Parkinson’s disease

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16
Q

Bradykinesia

A
  • Slow initiation of movements (due to inhibition of thalamus)
  • Present in Parkinson’s
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17
Q

Rest tremor

A

Parkinson’s (hypokenetic)

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18
Q

Postural tremor

A

Essential tremor (hyperkinetic)

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19
Q

Increased output of basal ganglia (increased inhibition of thalamus)

A

Parkinson’s disease (hypokinetic)

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20
Q

Decreased output of basal ganglia (decreased inhibition of thalamus)

A

Huntington’s disease

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21
Q

Athetosis

A
  • Slow, writhing movements

- Huntington’s Disease

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22
Q

Chorea associated with

A

Huntington’s (hyperkinetic)

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23
Q

SNc effect on direct and indirect basal ganglia pathways

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A

Inhibits indirect pathway; stimulates direct pathway

24
Q

Huntington’s pathophysiology

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A

Loss of GABA-ergic striatum neurons to GPe; Results in releasing thalamus from inhibition and hyperkinetic symptoms

25
Ballism
- Form of chorea with predominant proximal extremity large-amplitude jerking or flinging movement - Hemiballism can occur with STN lesion
26
Dystonia
Sustained muscle contraction usually producing twisting movements or abnormal postures that are patterned and usually directional *Associated with Parkinson's
27
Micrographia common symptom of
Parkinson's (hypokinetic) | *Shaky-graphia would suggest Essential Tremor (hyperkinetic)
28
Relay point in thalamus for dentate nucleus fibers headed to cortex. (cerebellum, corticocerebellar, feedforward pathway)
SCP fibers from cerebellum go to VL of thalamus!
29
Dissociating pain from affect of pain. Brain regions responsible?
Anterior cingulate cortex: affect | Primary somatosensory: pain itself
30
Titubation
truncal ataxia from midline cerebellar damage
31
Dysmetria
Finger to nose test failure | -Damage to cerebellar hemispheres
32
Dysdiadochokinesis
impairment in executing rapidly alternating movements; Sign of cerebellar hemisphere damage
33
3 main ways to distinguish sensory from cerebellar ataxias
1) Romberg test: patient will fall over when closing eyes in sensory ataxia 2) Dysarthria present in cerebellar but not sensory ataxias 3) Loss of vibration & touch sense in sensory ataxia (dorsal columns)
34
Lenticulostriate arteries (origin, destination, clinical syndrome)
Originate off of MCA, penetrate to deep brain structures (basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus). Cause lacunar strokes
35
PICA occlusion
- Wallenberg syndrome | - Affects dorsal-lateral brainstem nuclei at level of medulla (horner's, spinothalamic, ataxia, vertigo, etc)
36
Three common vascular syndromes and associated levels
- Weber (Medial midbrain syndrome): Midbrain CN III level - Pontine (Locked-in) syndrome: Mid-pons level (basilar artery) - Wallenberg (Lateral medullary) syndrome: rostral medulla
37
Two causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage
1) Berry aneurysm (branch points in circle of willis) | 2) Arteriovenous malformations (AVM
38
Hypertension, hypertension, hypertension?!
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms: microscopic aneurysms in microvessels; Cause intracerebral hemorrhage
39
Two physiologic functions mediated by Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Near accomodation (often preserved), pupillary constriction (often first to be damaged)
40
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil size
41
3rd order Horner's syndrome localization
Somewhere between superior cervical ganglion and eyeball; | Carotid dissection!
42
Pilocarpine
Pharmacologically constricts pupil
43
Purpose of middle ear
Amplification of sound pressure waves to transmit to fluid filled cochlea (overcomes medium transfer effects)
44
Presbycusis and anatomical location
Loss of high frequency sounds with age | Base of basilar membrane (near oval window)
45
3 main ways to distinguish sensory from cerebellar ataxias
1) Romberg test: patient will fall over when closing eyes in sensory ataxia 2) Dysarthria present in cerebellar but not sensory ataxias 3) Loss of vibration & touch sense in sensory ataxia (dorsal columns)
46
Lenticulostriate arteries (origin, destination, clinical syndrome)
Originate off of MCA, penetrate to deep brain structures (basal ganglia, internal capsule, thalamus). Cause lacunar strokes
47
PICA occlusion
- Wallenberg syndrome | - Affects dorsal-lateral brainstem nuclei at level of medulla (horner's, spinothalamic, ataxia, vertigo, etc)
48
Three common vascular syndromes and associated levels
- Weber (Medial midbrain syndrome): Midbrain CN III level - Pontine (Locked-in) syndrome: Mid-pons level (basilar artery) - Wallenberg (Lateral medullary) syndrome: rostral medulla
49
Two causes of subarachnoid hemorrhage
1) Berry aneurysm (branch points in circle of willis) | 2) Arteriovenous malformations (AVM
50
Hypertension, hypertension, hypertension?!
Charcot-Bouchard aneurysms: microscopic aneurysms in microvessels; Cause intracerebral hemorrhage
51
Two physiologic functions mediated by Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Near accomodation, pupillary constriction
52
Anisocoria
Unequal pupil size
53
3rd order Horner's syndrome localization
Somewhere between superior cervical ganglion and eyeball; | Carotid dissection!
54
Pilocarpine
Pharmacologically constricts pupil
55
Purpose of middle ear
Amplification of sound pressure waves to transmit to fluid filled cochlea (overcomes medium transfer effects)
56
Presbycusis and anatomical location
Loss of high frequency sounds with age | Base of basilar membrane (near oval window)

Brain & Behavior Ultra Forgetables (3 decks)

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