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KP331 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is disease prevention?

A

taking positive actions now to avoid becoming sick later

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2
Q

What is primary disease prevention?

A

reducing risk, avoiding problems

behaviour change level

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3
Q

What is secondary disease prevention?

A

intervention, acting early

may be showing some early symptoms

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4
Q

What is tertiary disease prevention?

A

treatment and rehabilitation

already have the condition

typically where the health care system functions

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5
Q

How many Canadians report having at least one modifiable risk factor for chronic disease? What are some of these risk factors?

A

4/5

tobacco smoking, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating, harmful use of alcohol

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6
Q

What is behaviour change? What are some examples of behaviour changes?

A

lifestyle-management process that involves cultivating healthy behaviours and working to overcome unhealthy ones

ex:

  • getting at least 7 hours sleep
  • practicing safer sex
  • schedule regular physical exams
  • maintain healthy eating habits
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7
Q

What are the 3 types of factors that influence behaviour change?

A

predisposing factors (before)

enabling factors (during)

reinforcing factors (after)

  • can ALL be positive or negative factors
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8
Q

What are some predisposing factors to behaviour change?

A

knowledge/beliefs/attitudes/culture

demographic variables

access to health care

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9
Q

What are enabling factors to behaviour change?

A

support and resources
- time, money, government priority, availability of health resources

skills/abilities
- health-related skills, physical/emotional/mental capacities

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10
Q

What are reinforcing factors to behaviour change?

A

incentives/rewards

peer/family support

costs of health care

employer actions/policies

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11
Q

What is the definition of beliefs on behaviour change?

A

appraisal of relationship between behaviour and outcome

ex. if someone determines behaviour doesn’t lead to negative outcome they are more likely to do it

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12
Q

What is perceived seriousness of behaviour change?

A

how severe are the health consequences?

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13
Q

What is perceived susceptibility to behaviour change?

A

what is the likelihood of developing the problem?

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14
Q

What are cues to action?

A

alerts or reminders to take action

ex. by a physician

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15
Q

What is self-efficacy?

A

belief in own capacity to achieve goals or to perform a task successfully

high = "I can do it"
low = "I can't do it"
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16
Q

What is locus of control? What are the 2 types?

A

where an individual perceives their control to be located

external = something/someone else controls a situation

internal = one’s self is in control of their own actions and outcomes

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17
Q

How can significant others act as change agents?

A

actions are highly influenced by approval or disapproval of others

family, social bonds with others

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18
Q

What is the role of motivation and readiness in behaviour change?

A

motivation to change is often not enough, need to be ready

readiness: common sense, commitment, realistic understanding of path

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19
Q

What are the stages of the transtheroretical model of healthy behaviour change?

A 
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
relapse/termination
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20
Q

Why can one not start at the action phase of the transtheoretical model?

A

often does not work

didn’t fully consider the action

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21
Q

What are the 2 key components of the pre-contemplation phase.

A

self-assessment

mental hurdles

22
Q

Describe the sections of self-assessment in the pre-contemplation phase.

A

frequency - how often does a current behaviour happen

seriousness - what are the consequences of the behaviour

basis for problem behaviour - what facts are supporting the change?

triggers - what situations trigger the behaviour?

23
Q

What are some common mental hurdles faced in the pre-contemplation phase?

A

I don’t have enough time

I am too stressed

I worry about what others think

I don’t think I can do it

It’s a habit I can’t break

24
Q

What are the methods that can be used in the contemplation phase?

A
  • shaping
  • visualization
  • modeling
  • controlling the situation
  • reinforcement
  • changing self-talk
  • problem solving
25
Q

What is shaping?

A

taking several individual steps to reach a larger behaviour

start slowly to reduce stress at early stages

small and achievable steps

26
Q

What is visualization?

A

mental practice using imagery to transform behaviours

helps anticipate problems and improves likelihood for success

27
Q

What is modelling?

A

learning a behaviour by watching others

very effective

28
Q

What is controlling the situation?

A

positive influence from setting or people

use social settings and occasions to influence behaviour (situational inducement)

29
Q

What is reinforcement?

A

positive reinforcement = rewarding self for accomplishing goals

30
Q

What are the different types of reinforcers?

A 
consumable (ex. healthy treat)
activity (ex. hike or trip)
manipulative (ex. if you get paid to do something)
possessional (ex. new gadget)
social (ex. appreciation from others)
31
Q

How can we change self-talk?

A

rational-emotive/cognitive-behavioural therapy
- close connection between self-talk and feelings

blocking thoughts
- become aware of though patterns and consciously choose positive thoughts

32
Q

What are antecedents and consequences? What role do they play in problem solving?

A

antecedents = settings/events stimulate a person to act in a certain way

consequences = result of behaviour, effect whether it is repeated

recognizing and modifying may help in changing behaviour

33
Q

What occurs in the preparation phase?

A

setting realistic goals

SMART
- specific, measurable, attainable, relevant, time-based

what do I want? what change is highest priority? why is this important to me? what are the potential outcomes? are there any resources/support?

34
Q

What is the 5-second rule?

A

trick to use in the action/maintenance phase

count down from 5 when you are about to do something, helps block negative thought processes and helps you complete it

35
Q

What is the main problem in the precontemplation and contemplation stages?

A

ambivalence

unsure what action they want to take or if they even want to take any

36
Q

What is motivational interviewing?

A

effective method to increase motivation by resolving ambivalence

support to other therapeutic approaches

goal (other than reduce ambivalence and enhance motivation) is to elicit positive self-talk, self-motivational statements, enhance readiness, and set SMART goals

37
Q

What is OARS?

A

motivational interviewing strategy

open-ended questions

affirmation

reflective listening
- repeating, paraphrasing, reflecting on feeling

summary reflections

38
Q

What 3 factors determine behaviour change intervention success?

A

exposure - who does it reach? who can engage?

context - population and setting

mechanisms of action - how does it actually work?

39
Q

Why don’t concern, behavioural interventions, counselling, and wellness programs automatically lead to the development of health habits?

A

social ecological model

many factors and levels that play into why an intervention would work for someone

really deep issues at the environmental and organizational level

40
Q

What are social determinants of health?

A

broad range of social, economic, political, psychosocial, and behavioural factors that shape health outcomes directly or indirectly

caused by unequal distribution of power, income, goods, and services

contribute to health disparities between groups of people

41
Q

What are some Canadian trends involving SDOH?

A

increasing poverty and income inequality

  • middle class is shrinking
  • urban poverty more concentrated in the periphery

job insecurity rising
- full-time jobs decreasing, part-time/shift work/temporary contracts/self-employment increasing

national housing and homelessness crisis
- over 35% of people renting in major urban areas spending more than 30% of income on housing (above cut-off for affordable housing)

public spending

  • family benefits decreasing
  • taxation (increase tax burden on lower class, decrease on upper class)

minimum wage has fallen behind inflation rate so living above the poverty line has become more difficult

42
Q

How do SDOH affect health?

A

chronic stress
- anxiety, shame, insecurity, hopelessness

social disadvantage and marginalization

social factors not evenly distributed across the population -> health disparities

lower income -> lower life expectancy

43
Q

What is stress?

A

a situational demand and a negative emotional experience accompanied by cognitive, biological, and behavioural responses

event or threat often exceeding available coping resources

44
Q

How can stress lead to illness?

A

event/threat often exceeding available coping resources

continuous exposure + exhaustion (from lack of resources) = illness

oxidative stress is the biochemical basis for disease

45
Q

What are some positive coping strategies?

A

positive attitude about the world

problem solving skills

social resources (ex. family, peers)

46
Q

What are some negative coping strategies?

A

negative attitudes

substance abuse

poor dietary choices

limited physical activity

47
Q

How does SDOH relate to behaviour change?

A

disproportionate focus on individual level factors (ex. smoking) and not the root cause of health disparities (ex. exposure to discrimination)

high risk groups are under-represented

no comparisons in outcomes between SDOH based on any minority statuses

48
Q

What are some risk factors for illness?

A 
SDOH
age
gender/sex, gender identity
health behaviours
stress
49
Q

What is resiliency? In what ways can it manifest?

A

the process of, capacity for, or outcome of successful adaptation despite challenging or threatening circumstances

environmental and or personal

manifests as:

  • favourable outcomes despite high risk status
  • sustained competence under threat
  • recovery from trauma

protective effect against risk factors (mediates relationship between risk factors and illness)

50
Q

How can policy implication affect SDOH?

A

implementation of public policy ensuring high quality and more equitable distribution of SDOH

improved health outcomes associated with government re-allocation of funds from health to social spending

  • 1 cent per dollar associated with improved health outcomes
  • don’t need to increase spending overall to see positive results

KP331 (13 decks)

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