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BVMS Module 4 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

toxoplasma?

A

is a disease that results from infection with the Toxoplasma gondii parasite, one of the world’s most common parasites.
causes economic burden, health and welfare, zoonoitic infections, death of livestock etc

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2
Q

name some major protozoan parasites in the UK?

A

Mastigophora, coccidia piroplasmida
Leishmania eimeria theileria
trypanosoma Isopora. babesia

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3
Q

what is Toxoplasma Gondii?

A

T. gondii - cause of abortion + terminated mortiaaluty in sheep, 2nd most causes in UK

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4
Q

Life cycle of T.gondii?

A

cat = final host
cat ingested infected intermediate host ➡️ bradyzocyte lives in tissue cyst of intermediate ➡️ intermediate host ruptures in cat gut ➡️ bradyzocyte released, rapidly invades epithelium cells of gut ➡️ asexua reproduction, sexual reproductive including MACROGAMETE AND MICROGAMETE. ➡️ infected cel ruptures in MICROGAMETES. ➡️ multiply Moto-microgamayes find female macrogametes and produce a zygote. ➡️ leading to a oocyst, relesed into faeces and SPORULATION occurs in faeces 1-5days @ 25degrees.

intermediate host then infected by oocysts

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5
Q

what are bradyzocyte in T.gondii?

A

are quiescent parasites formed in intracellular tissue cysts found within muscle cells and within cells of the central nervous system

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6
Q

what is Sporulation?

A

formation of nearly dormant forms of bacteria . In a limited number of bacteria, spores can preserve the genetic material of the bacteria when conditions are inhospitable.

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7
Q

describe ovine toxoplasmosis pathology?

A

acute disease - tachyzoites resulting in necrosis of organs

immuno-competent host infected unnoticed signs of pyrexia + lymphadenopathy.

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8
Q

what is a tachyzoite?

A

tachos = fast) refer to the rapidly growing life stage of T. gondii that has also been called endozoites or trophozoites

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9
Q

what is a Bradyzoites?

A

brady = slow), also called cystozoites, are the life stage found in the tissue cyst and are believed to replicate slowly.

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10
Q

describe ovine abortionn + perinatal mortality?

A

first 50/55 days - death rates of barren ewes higher than expected
50-120 days - premature birth of still borne accompanied with brown mummified fortis before expected
late gestation - lamb infected but clinically fine

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11
Q

epidemiology of ovine toxoplasmosis?

A

speed by CAT - infected by ingestion of infected rodent,

cats shed oocysts, transimison to sheep via feed, sporulated oocysts.

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12
Q

describe some public health problems with T.gondii?

A

ZOONOTIC disease!!
under cooked meat, 3-4 week turn around,
pregnant woman disease can result in death

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13
Q

what is Neospora caninum?

A

causes abortion in cattle, not ZOONOTIC

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14
Q

describe the life cycle of Neopora caninum?

A

immune response causes ➡️ bradyzocytes in tissue to rupture cysts ➡️ due to dogs eat infected tissue ➡️ sexual phase of CC in dogs from feed ➡️ ingestion of oocysts ➡️ sporozoites released + invade gut cells ➡️ trachyzoites replicate intracellular ➡️ immune response

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15
Q

describe the pathology in cattle with Neospora caninum?

A

no real symptoms in cattle during pregnancy
re-activation of bradyzoites @ pregnancy
trachyzoutes cross placenta + infect foetus

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16
Q

describe the epidemeoly of Neospora caninum in cattle?

A

infection can be re-activated when pregnant - calves infected - can occur over many pregnancies
60-80% transmission via vertical route - major route

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17
Q

how is Neospora caninum diagnosed?

A

commercial ELISA test - detect Ab in herd.

detect bradyzoites/trachyoxites in foetal tissue

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18
Q

what are the main comic loses form Neospora caninum?

A 
aborted cattle foetuses = 12.5-26%
USA 24%
global casts = $1 billion
no VACCINE
control is diffucult
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19
Q

what is coccidia?

A

wide spread in enviormet, many different species infected
coccidia = subclass
eimeriidae = family
eimeria = genera
species - host-specific, only infect single host.

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20
Q

describe the life cycle of Coccidia?

A

schizogony - mature into Merozoites in gut and move onto gametogeny (sexual reproduction) microgametes and macrogametes produce a zygote = oocyst which sporulates in species.
oocyst then matures and 4 sporozoites and produced into 2 trophozoites which grown into schizogony.

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21
Q

describe the pathogenies of coccidia?

A 
destruction of gut epitltial cells 
villous supply
malabsorption of nutrients - loss of eggs production in poultry. 
diarrhoea 
haemorrhage into lumen of intestine
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22
Q

Diagnoses of Coccidia?

A
  1. appearance of birds - sick birds - bundle together
    eyes ofter closed
    dropping wings
  2. abnormal faeces - diaherreoa - blood in faeces - mucous
  3. laboratory detection in oocytes in faeces - sporulated oocyst.
  4. PM on brid - anaemic appearance of internal organs gut appercne, location of lesions.
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23
Q

describe epidemiology of coccidia?

A

age, prevois exposure, genetics, diet,

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24
Q

how is coccidia controlled?

A

ANTICOCCIDIALS
prophylactic - continue feed, 4-6 month drug change,
therapeutic - usually given in water
vaccination available aswell

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25
describe bovine coccidiosis?
infection not always clinically diseased, low infective dose, generally younger animals but also stressed adults, thigh morbidity/ low mortitliry
26
describe bovine coccidiosis diganosis and control?
faecal oocysts control - avoid overcrowding, calving gets waterlogged Drug treatment - ampororlim, sulfaqualine, toltrazorail, lasalocid, monsisa etc
27
describe coccidia in sheep?
effects ileum, caecum, upper colon. clinical signs - diarrhoea, failure to thrive, dehydration , fever, anaemia. young animals - lambs 1-2 months, triplets - reduced amount of colostrum, stress poor, severe weather, conconrteated infections.
28
diagnosis n control of sheep coccidia.?
similar to bovine, number of oocyst, history and clinical signs. Control - dry bedding, clean enviroment.
29
what is Isospora (cytoisopra)
intestinal disease caused by the coccidian parasite Cystoisospora belli it is a parasite picked up from soil.
30
life cycle of Isopora?
host ingested sporulated oocyst, ruptures, infects epithiulum gut cells many routes of infection, produces Hypnozoites, becomes infected.
31
what are Hypnozoites?
dormant forms in the life cycles of certain parasitic protozoa that belong to the Phylum Apicomplexa (Sporozoa
32
what is Isopora sois?
Isopora in Pigs, mainly piglets, 15-20% of piglets get it, 10 day scour (dairrehor) mortality <20%
33
how many oocysts are needed for infection of Isopora sois?
<100 oocyst needed, infected piglets excrete>100000 occults per gram of faeces, so its very easy to catch.
34
What is cryptosporidium?
emeria family, 1902 discovered Ernest tyzzer, ZOONOTIC disease, destruction of gut epithelial cells, villus atrophy Transmission; faeces, oral water transmission
35
name the clinical signs of cryptosporidium?
difficult to detect oocysts in unstained faecal samples due to small size, Acid - fast staining technique used to see. not seen with pathogens, range of entropathogens
36
describe the epidemiology of cryptosporidium?
oocysts sporulate in host so infection can spread, water/feed borne infection, oocyst very resistant, adults become immune
37
what is the infection dose of cryptosporidium?
1000 oocyst = 100% infection
38
how is cryptosporidium able to spread to humans?
slurry direct contamination, water sources, food fruiting, farms/vets, leisure farms etc
39
describe the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
``` prokaryotes = bacteria and are Gram POSITIVE eukaryotes = animal cells and are GRAM NEGATIVE ```
40
describe the structure of Bacteria?
no membrane bound nucleus, DNA withOUT histones, many plasmids, no mitochondria, no chloroplasts, contains flagella, no ER, no Golgi app, 70s Ribosomes,
41
name the most common bacteria shapes?
``` Coccus - round, circular Rob/bacillus - long, round (like kidney) Vibrio - similar to Rob Spirillum - spiral shape Spiroochete - spiral shape Branching filaments - long branched ```
42
describe bacteria chromosomes?
single closed circular DNA, highly condensed, histone like 'protein' present, plasmids may be present
43
describe the structure of ribosomes in bacteria?
30S + 40S = 70S S = Svedberg polysomes = stings of ribosomes
44
describe the Bacterial Cell wall?
peptidoglycan - strength and ridity to cell, polymer of NAG-NAM tetra peptide, cross linked, cause 'shock' if gets into bloodstream (sepsis)
45
how does penicillin work on bacteria?
destroys cell wall of bacteria, inactivates enzyme for cross linking of cell wall. enzyme = transpeptidase or peniciilin binding protein. It accepts the penicillin as a substate, alkanolates a nucleophilic oxygen of the enzyme, rending it inactive, cell lyses and dies, cross linking is prevented.
46
what is Gram Stain?
1. shape 2. atmospheric requirements for repsiration 3. presense of spores 4. gram stain gram stain depends on cell wall structure, amount of peptidoglycan. Gram positive + gram negative have different susceptibles to antibiotic.
47
describe the gram positive cell wall?
contains a very thick wall due yo peptidoglycan layer, Teichoic acid binds lipteichoic acid together. Plasma membrane sits underneath peptidoglycan.
48
describe gram negative cell wall?
very thin cell wall - outer membrane - periplasmic space - plasma membrane thin cell wall due to no peptidoglycan layer. bilayer - outer to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) inner is plasma membrane excludes hydrophilic
49
what is Lipopolysaccharide? (LPS)
only found in gramNEGATIVE bacteria - 3 regions Lipid A, Core, O side chain Lipid A = shock if into bloodstream(endotoxic shock) if it has a long O side chain = salmonella if has a short O side chain = respiratory, haemophilia diseases.
50
describe flagellated bacterium?
allows movement of bacteria, | most bacteria have them, require ATP for movement
51
name the four different types of flagellum?
Monotrichous - single Ampitrichous - one or more at each end Lophotrichous - two or more at one end Pertrichous - flagella surrounded cell
52
what are endospores?
tough, dormant, non-reporuding structure produced by phylum Firmicutes, spore shaped. Gram positives produce them, extremely resistant to pH , heat, etc. large amounts of calcium.
53
what is Acid Fast bacteria? (AFBs)
gram postive-like. tough, waxy cell wall. | resists staining, decoloaurings. even in acid.
54
what are mycobacteria?
contains mycelia acid + waxD | very acid fast.
55
what are mycoplasmas?
molecules, smallest free-living organisms, | lack a cell wall, no peptidoglycan, contains cholesterol ion cell membrane, unusual genetic code.
56
what is chlamydia?
obligate intercellular pathogens, small gram negative - cell wall lacks peptidoglycan. contain LPS
57
describe fungi?
eukaryotic cell, uni or multicellular organism, defined nuclei. thick cell wall, mostly carbohydrate. 3 main types; yeast filamentous fungi, dimorphic fungi.
58
describe yeast?
unicellular, grow by binary fission, budding, sometimes dont operate
59
describe filamentous fungi?
multicellular, basic unit is the Hypha, growth occurs at hyphae tip all cytoplasm are connected.
60
describe dimorphic fungi?
Able to switch between yeast and mycelium fungi. depends on environment for fungi. yeast is pathogenic (37degrees) mycelium is saprophytic (25degrees)
61
describe bacterial pathogens?
primary - always a pathogen secondary - more likely to cause disease once prepared by another pathogen opportunistic - dont normal cause infection but can if host is compromised.
62
define pathogenesis?
processes or mechanisms of disease devolvement.
63
define virulence?
measure of capacity to damage or kill host
64
define infectivity?
reflects ability or organism to enter, colonise + survive in the host.
65
define virulence factor?
component of bacteria that is involved in pathogenies + virulence.
66
how is virulence multifactorial?
requires both pathogens to occur. if only one pathogen is present then disease will not occur eg) tox and KBB both need to be present for severe diarrhoea to occur r
67
describe the life cycle of bacteria pathogens?
bacterial adhesion - host tissues, pathogen mucosal surfaces. recognition of PAMPs and PRRs
68
describe PRRs
PRRs - should benefit for survial of bacteria host at present.
69
how does extracellular v intracellular lifecycle differ in bacteria pathogens?
after colonisation entry - extracellular pathogen: attachment ➡️ resist pathogenesis ➡️resist action of complement ➡️ acquire nutrients Intracellular pathogen: attachment ➡️ invasion ➡️resist intracellular destruction ➡️ acquire nutrients.
70
name the 4 extracellular pathogen strategies?
common virulence factor exotoxins DNAse Iron and infection
71
describe common virulence factor in extracellular pathogens?
``` adhesions anti-phagocytic factors anti-complement capsules - usually acidic polysaccharides anti-phagocytic. ```
72
describe exotoxins in extracellular pathogens?
pathogenic bacteria secrete toxins that effect phagocytes. | help lyse RBCs in vitro - haemolysis
73
what is mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxin?
acts on leukocytes from ruminants | damage to neutrophils leads to release of tissue detsoyting enzymes also platelets.
74
what is DNAse?
neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) | pathogenic staphs and streps secrete DNAse to escape NETs
75
describe iron + infection?
source of Fe essential for bacteria, extracellular iron is bonded to host iron binding protein, Transferrin, Tf-serum Lactoferrin Lf-mucoail surfaces and neutrophils.
76
describe the intracellular pathogen strategies?
invade cells, modify intracellular environment, counter intracellular defences, acquire nutrients able to survive in macrophages, eg) salmonella, brucella sp etc.
77
give an example of an intercellular pathogen that can survive?
cisteria = is motile within cells, able to push into other cells, without leaving its own cells tetanus toxin, exfoliate toxin
78
what are worms?
nematodes, cestodes/tapeworms, trematodes or flukes.
79
describe nematodes?
most important, free living, adaptable, both parasites and worms in humans/animals roundworms - live in G.I, direct LIFE CYCELS (lamb to lamb) some are indirect life cycles - two hosts, intermediate hosts present (IMH) essential for life cycle
80
describe the Dog heart worm?
adults worms mate ➡️ produce microfilae in blood (L1) ➡️ mosquitoes ingest MF ➡️ devopl L3 in intermediate.➡️ Dog become sinfecte day mosquito ➡️ L3- L4 in dog.
81
describe Hookworms?
penetrate skin, cause anaemia in children, | Blood suckling occurs in S.I production of anti-coagulants that inhibit blood clotting.
82
how are helminth infections controlled?
human hookworm vaccination initiative (HHVI) aim: to produce recombinant vaccine to prevent infection, helminths are multicellular + complex
83
describe the vaccine against hookworms?
Ag located in gut of worm, immunisation provokes an antibody response hookworms feed on blood coating Ab to gut Ag Ab binds to surface of gut + inhibit digestion of blood, worm starved + lay fewer eggs
84
describe the worms and their hosts connection?
worms co-evoleved with host, major driver of immune response. induce anti-inflammatory response, worm infections are chronic.
85
name the important cestodes in GIT?
``` Tapeworm Taenia seginata Taenia Solium Echinococcus granulassi granulosa Dipylidium cranium ```
86
describe the tapeworm life cycle?
adult worms in S.I ➡️ gravid segments shed worm and pass out into faeces ➡️ contain eggs resistant ➡️ ingested by IMH ➡️ emybro released from egg in IMH ➡️ larvae settlers down and encysts ➡️ cysts ingested dub final host latches on SI
87
name some zoonotic worms?
Taenia sagniata taenia sodium Echinoccic armolosis
88
life cycle fo Taenia seginata?
adult in S.I ➡️ passes million of eggs per god in gravid segment ➡️ ingested by susceptible bovine ➡️ emybro release in abdomen ➡️ travels to skeletal muscle and encysts ➡️Cysticercus bovis IMH (human beef tapeworm) ➡️ after 12 weeks ➡️ uncovered meat eaten bu humans.
89
how is Tania seginata diagnosed?
meat inspection + basis of diagnosis + control | inspection: masseyter heart tongue, interracial + diahpgram
90
how is Tania saginata controlled?
prevent cattle infection, do not allows cattle to graze for 2 years on pasture. human - meat inspectionm, cook meat properly.
91
what is Taenia Solium?
final host - human IMH - pig/human. life cycle is very similar to Taenia Saginata eggs are infective for humans.
92
describe the pathology of taenia solium?
little found in S.I, often cysts in CNS or eyes, | major in Latin America!
93
describe the epidemiolgy of taenia solium?
close association with man and pig, poor/no meat inspection, rise to infection
94
how is taenia solium controlled?
pig controlling, mass inspection, VACCINATION of pigs now avaviable.
95
what economic loss does Tapeworn have?
£5 million due to c.ovis in 0.78% in sheep
96
describe Echinococcus granulosis granuloma?
final host = dogs IMH = sheep ZOONOTIC in UK
97
lifecycle iof E.g.granulosis?
adults in S.I ➡️ gravid segments contains eggs shed ➡️ ingested by IMH ➡️ emybros released penetrates S'I wall ➡️ forms hydrated gut in IMH liver/lungs ➡️ cyst ingested by fnal host
98
describe the epidemeoly go e.g.granulosis?
DOG, FH becomes infected by feeding on fallen stock, sheep become infect by ingestion of eggs
99
describe the pathogenies of E.g.granulosis?
well tolerated in IMH, hydrated gut usually detached in abattoir, ZOONOTIC - sheep farm area mainly, coat of dogs etc.
100
what are Hydatid cyst?
forms in IMH - if contents get spill on removed get secondary cyst, Hydatid sand - protoscolues of leads of future tapeworms.
101
what is Dipylidium caninum?
common in strays, fleas and mice = IMH active mollie segments need to treat ectoparasites as wells adult tapeworm.
102
life cycle of Dipylidium caninum
adult in S.I ➡️ 3 weeks gravid segments shed ➡️ eggs ingested by flea ➡️ cysticercoid in haemocaol by flea ➡️ ingestion of flea by dog/cat

BVMS Module 4 (3 decks)

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